Pancreas

Question 1

secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by wya of duct

Answer 1

pancreatic duct, joining with the common bile duct which in turn drains into the duodenum

Question 2

endocrine gland

Answer 2

• ductless gland that secretes their products and hormones directly into the blood

Question 3

insulin

Answer 3

regulated metabolism of carbs, fats, proteins by promoting absorption of glucose from the blood into liver, fat and skeletal muscle cells

Question 4

glucagon

Answer 4

• catabolic
• functional to raise the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in bloodstream
• responds to declining insulin levels

Question 5

what does glucagon favor

Answer 5

energy utilization

Question 6

exocrine gland

Answer 6

secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by wya of duct

Question 7

islets of langerhans

Answer 7

regions of the pancrease that contain its endocrine cells

Question 8

islets of langerhans cells

Answer 8

alpha
beta
delta

Question 9

what do alpha cells secrete

Answer 9

glucagon

Question 10

what do beta cells secrete

Answer 10

insulin

Question 11

what do delta cells secrete

Answer 11

somatostatin

Question 12

what does the release of insulin depend on

Answer 12

amount of glucose in the blood

Question 13

is insulin an anabolic or catabolic hormone

Answer 13

anabolic

stimulates cellular uptake of amino acids

Question 14

functions of insulin

Answer 14

• reduce circulation levels of glucose
• favors the utilization of available glucose
• inhibits storage of glucose

Question 15

glucagon

Answer 15

• catabolic hormone

- works to increase concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream

Question 16

exocrine fxn of pancreas

Answer 16

secretes enzymes into the pancreatic duct onto the epithelial surfaces

Question 17

digestive enzymes of the pancreas are essential for what

Answer 17

processing food stuff

Question 18

zymogens are what in the pancreas

Answer 18

• storage form of digestive enzymes

- release digestive enzymes

Question 19

acute pancreatitis occurs when

Answer 19

• there is an abnormal activation of digestive enzymes within pancreas or breakdown in zymogens
• autodigestion of pancreas

Question 20

symptoms of acute pancreatitis

Answer 20

pain
N&V
anorexia
abdominal pain - cardinal symptom
if system, hyperglycemia

Question 21

PT implication for acute pancreatitis

Answer 21

• pancreatic scarring may occur and limit trunk ext
• bed position: changing positions painful, need to convince them to move
• back pain

Question 22

chronic pancreatitis

Answer 22

development of irreversible changes in pancreas

secondary to chronic inflammation

Question 23

symptoms of chronic pancreatitis

Answer 23

chronic abdominal pain

can develop DM

Question 24

PT implications for chronic pancreatitis

Answer 24

work on ROM
DM
complications with alcohol consumption - malnutrition, cirrhosis, ascites

Question 25

pancreatic CA

Answer 25

- age >55 - blockage of pancreatic duct - advanced disease

Question 26

what do pt experience with pancreatic CA

Answer 26

- weight loss - pain - jaundice - impaired posture - impaired muscle performance, ROM - intractable back pain

Question 27

whipple procedure

Answer 27

- pancreatic CA | - remove a tumor in the head of you pancreas, ampulla, or first part of your duodenum

Question 28

type 1 diabetes

Answer 28

- 5-10% of all cases - autoimmune disease - insulin deficiency - indefinitely on insulin therapy

Question 29

diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 29

- from type 1 DM | - accelerated degradation of fatty acids, formation of ketones, lowers blood pH

Question 30

too much insulin -->

Answer 30

pulls too much glucose out of blood --> hypoglycemia

Question 31

fasting glucose levels normal: prediabetic: diabetic:

Answer 31

normal: <100 prediabetic: 100-125 diabetic: greater than or equal to 126

Question 32

oral glucose tolerance test

Answer 32

usually done after fasting | given sugar drink to see glucose levels rise and fall

Question 33

OGTT normal: prediabetic: diabetic:

Answer 33

normal: <140 prediabetic: 140-199 diabetic: >200

Question 34

a1c levels normal: optimal:

Answer 34

- measure of how well they control their glucose levels, long term - normal: <6% - optimal: <7%

Question 35

polyuria

Answer 35

excessive urination to clear excess glucose

Question 36

polyphagia

Answer 36

excessive appetite

Question 37

weight loss from DM is due to

Answer 37

excessive fat catabolism

Question 38

type 2 DM

Answer 38

- 80-90% cases - metabolic syndrome - insulin deficiency and/or resistance - may or may not be on insulin - lifestyle disorder - if uncontrolled, within 20 years will be type 1 diabetic

Question 39

comorbidities with type 2 diabetes

Answer 39

- diabetic retinopathy - diabetic nephropathy - diabetic neuropathy

Question 40

diabetic retinopathy

Answer 40

- slow, 5-20 years to appear | - impaired vision due to uncontrolled type 2 diabetes

Question 41

diabetic nephropathy

Answer 41

- impaired kidney fxn due to diabetes - most common cause of ESRD - glycemic control and HTN control reduce risk and slow progression

Question 42

diabetic neuropathy

Answer 42

- damage to nerves - loss of sensation - numbness, tingling, burning - foot drop

Question 43

charcot foot syndrome

Answer 43

- diabetic neuropathy - inflammatory - varying degrees of bone and joint disorganiztion secondary to neuropathy, trauma, bone metabolism

Question 44

peripheral vascular disease

Answer 44

- reduced BF to periphery - decreased or absent pedal pulse - damage to basement membrane of smaller blood vessels

Question 45

major cause of mortality for person with DM

Answer 45

CVD

Question 46

DM is an independent risk factor for what

Answer 46

CAD

Question 47

PT and type 1 diabetes

Answer 47

- movement and exercise | - manage comorbidities

Question 48

PT and type 2 diabetes

Answer 48

- movement and exercise | - manage emerging comorbidities

Question 49

PT and metabolic syndrome

Answer 49

- mange the criteria which define the presence of metabolic syndrome - movement and exercise