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Pathophysiology > Introduction to Patho > Flashcards

Introduction to Patho Flashcards

1
Q

etiology

A

the underlying cause of the disease

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2
Q

pathogenesis

A

mechanism that results in the presenting signs and symptoms

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3
Q

sign

A

objective evidence of a disease

such as blood in the stool, skin rash, cough

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4
Q

symptom

A

something that can only be detected or sensed by the patient

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5
Q

morphology

A

study of form and structure

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6
Q

subclinical

A

not severe enough to present definite or readily observable symptoms

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7
Q

sequelae

A

a condition that is a consequence of a previous disease or injury

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8
Q

complication

A

unfavorable evolution

medical problem that occurs during a disease, or after a procedure or treatment

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9
Q

resolution

A

reduction in the severity of a pathological state

scarring, healing

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10
Q

illness

A

sickness of deviation from a healthy state

broader more generic and less ominous meaning than disease

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11
Q

disease

A

biomedical condition with objective data defining it and tends to be chronic

organ system dysfunction

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12
Q

can disease occur without perceiving the presence of an illness

A

YES

HTN, atherosclerosis, cervical cancer

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13
Q

germ model

A

caused by a microorganism of some form

causative agent that brings it about

fungal, shingles, port’s disease (TB infxn)

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14
Q

biomedical model

A

cause and effect relationship

biological factors as causative agents

driving the current practice of medicine

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15
Q

examples of using biomedical model

A

RA, diabetes, atherosclerosis, CAD

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16
Q

biopsychosocial model

A

biological, psychological and social factors, play a role in human functioning in the context of disease

ICF model

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17
Q

metaplasia

A

one adult cell is replaced by another adult cell

arises through genetic reprogramming

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18
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in cell number –> increase in organ size

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19
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormal tissue growth / development, leads to abnormal growth and/or presence of abnormal cells

cancer

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20
Q

what is the etiology of COVID-19

A

SARS CoV-2 virus

stands for severe acute respiratory syndrome

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21
Q

what is the pathogenesis of COVID-19

A

inhaled
disturbance in ACE 2/angiotensin; ACE-2 receptor is a functional receptor for the virus

hyper inflated systemic inflammatory response

22
Q

what is the severity of COVID-19 positively correlated to

A

level of inflammatory cytokines - TNF IL-6

23
Q

what are the outcomes of cell injury

A

reversible injury: normal cell which can lead to stress which causes an adaptation OR injurious stimulus which leads back to cell injury

irreversible injury: necrosis or apoptosis, which is cell death

24
Q

mechanisms of cell injury

A 
reduced O2 available 
ischemia/hypoxia/hypoxemia 
aberrant immune reactions (RA)
infectious agents 
genetic abnormalities (cystic fibrosis)
nutritional imbalance (ricketts)
physical factors/injury 
free radical damage
25
Q

how does reduced O2 availability cause cell injury

A

decreased blood flow to the tissue reduces O2 availability which then increases reliance on glycolysis, decreased ATP synthesis and lowers pH. Resulting in intracellular accumulation of ions and fluids = SWELLING

26
Q

how does ischemia cause cell injury

A

blood flow below normal messes up cell homeostasis

27
Q

how does hypoxia cause cell injury

A

deficiency or absence of O2

blood flow may be adequate but O2 content is compromised

28
Q

how does immune reactions cause cell injury

A

overly aggressive inflammatory response

autoimmune diseases –> body does not recognize its cells as “Self” and mounts an immune response

29
Q

how does infectious agents cause cell injury

A

bacteria, viruses, fungi, mycoplasma, rickettsia, protozoa, prions, helminths

basically invade tissue that causes a response that can lead to cell death or an attack on the immune system which then elicits an inflammatory response altering cell tissue

30
Q

how does genetic abnormalities cause cell injury

A

genetic cell changes that can lead to permanent cell damage resulting in genetic abnormalities like down syndromee, marfans syndrome, sickle cell, cystic fibrosis

31
Q

how does nutritional imbalance cause cell injury

A

rickets is a Ca or a vit D deficiency resulting in bony neck line, big lumpy joints, bowed legs

inadequate nutrition intake can alter the function of reabsorption for healthy bone and organ function, resulting in permanent damage (irreversible)

32
Q

how does physical factors/injury cause cell injury

A

trauma - MVA, athletics, penetrating wounds

Extremes in environmental factors: cold. heat, radiation

reversible or can be irreversible

33
Q

how does free radical damage cause cell injury

A

cell death

34
Q

main consequence of cell injury?

A

reduced organ function

35
Q

consequence of mild injury

A

sub lethal alterations/injury and inflammation in the affected cells with revery causes a return to preinjury state

36
Q

consequences of more severe injury

A

lead to tissue alterations and inflammation, repair most likely will not restore damaged tissue and/or tissue function to preinjury state

37
Q

reversible cell injury

A

many PT interventions are designed to influence this process

can get back to normal, if not very close to it

38
Q

chronic cell injury

A

represents an adaptation to a chronic insult

leads to decrease function –> can’t fix usually

39
Q

irreversible cell injury

A

cell death

occurs secondary to apoptosis or necrosis

40
Q

chronic insult: fat accumulation

A

may cause materials to accumulate in cells, results in morphologic changes

from binge drinking –> fatty liver

unhealthy eating habits –> atherosclerosis lesions –> cholesterol

41
Q

chronic insult: atrophy

A

decrease in cell size secondary to loss of cell substances or cell number

smaller organ/tissue

does NOT imply cells are dead, only reduced functional capacity and/or reduced number of cells

42
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in size of cells –> increase organ

can be physiologic vs/ pathologic

43
Q

what triggers cell death/apoptosis

A

regulated, controlled process killing off injured cells

important role in embryogenesis

44
Q

when the cell is killed, what happens?

A

it begins to get cleaned by phagocytes engulfs apoptotic cells

45
Q

lysosomal activation –> ___ –> ____

A

autophagy –> forms pus

46
Q

autophagy

A

catabolism of cellular components

this breakdown of products may be damaging and forms pus

47
Q

necrosis

A

form of tissue injury that results in cell death within living tissue

48
Q

what is necrosis caused by

A

factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, toxins or trauma

normal housekeeping does not occur = accumulation of decomposing cell debris

49
Q

what does necrosis result in

A

unregulated digestion of cell components

uncontrolled release of products of cell death into the extracellular space

inflammatory response !!

50
Q

classic example of necrosis

A

gangrene

51
Q

what else can cause necrosis?

A

unregulated digestion of cell components

Pathophysiology (17 decks)

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