Introduction to Patho

Question 1

etiology

Answer 1

the underlying cause of the disease

Question 2

pathogenesis

Answer 2

mechanism that results in the presenting signs and symptoms

Question 3

sign

Answer 3

objective evidence of a disease

such as blood in the stool, skin rash, cough

Question 4

symptom

Answer 4

something that can only be detected or sensed by the patient

Question 5

morphology

Answer 5

study of form and structure

Question 6

subclinical

Answer 6

not severe enough to present definite or readily observable symptoms

Question 7

sequelae

Answer 7

a condition that is a consequence of a previous disease or injury

Question 8

complication

Answer 8

unfavorable evolution

medical problem that occurs during a disease, or after a procedure or treatment

Question 9

resolution

Answer 9

reduction in the severity of a pathological state

scarring, healing

Question 10

illness

Answer 10

sickness of deviation from a healthy state

broader more generic and less ominous meaning than disease

Question 11

disease

Answer 11

biomedical condition with objective data defining it and tends to be chronic

organ system dysfunction

Question 12

can disease occur without perceiving the presence of an illness

Answer 12

YES

HTN, atherosclerosis, cervical cancer

Question 13

germ model

Answer 13

caused by a microorganism of some form

causative agent that brings it about

fungal, shingles, port’s disease (TB infxn)

Question 14

biomedical model

Answer 14

cause and effect relationship

biological factors as causative agents

driving the current practice of medicine

Question 15

examples of using biomedical model

Answer 15

RA, diabetes, atherosclerosis, CAD

Question 16

biopsychosocial model

Answer 16

biological, psychological and social factors, play a role in human functioning in the context of disease

ICF model

Question 17

metaplasia

Answer 17

one adult cell is replaced by another adult cell

arises through genetic reprogramming

Question 18

hyperplasia

Answer 18

increase in cell number –> increase in organ size

Question 19

dysplasia

Answer 19

abnormal tissue growth / development, leads to abnormal growth and/or presence of abnormal cells

cancer

Question 20

what is the etiology of COVID-19

Answer 20

SARS CoV-2 virus

stands for severe acute respiratory syndrome

Question 21

what is the pathogenesis of COVID-19

Answer 21

inhaled
disturbance in ACE 2/angiotensin; ACE-2 receptor is a functional receptor for the virus

hyper inflated systemic inflammatory response

Question 22

what is the severity of COVID-19 positively correlated to

Answer 22

level of inflammatory cytokines - TNF IL-6

Question 23

what are the outcomes of cell injury

Answer 23

reversible injury: normal cell which can lead to stress which causes an adaptation OR injurious stimulus which leads back to cell injury

irreversible injury: necrosis or apoptosis, which is cell death

Question 24

mechanisms of cell injury

Answer 24

reduced O2 available 
ischemia/hypoxia/hypoxemia 
aberrant immune reactions (RA)
infectious agents 
genetic abnormalities (cystic fibrosis)
nutritional imbalance (ricketts)
physical factors/injury 
free radical damage

Question 25

how does reduced O2 availability cause cell injury

Answer 25

decreased blood flow to the tissue reduces O2 availability which then increases reliance on glycolysis, decreased ATP synthesis and lowers pH. Resulting in intracellular accumulation of ions and fluids = SWELLING

Question 26

how does ischemia cause cell injury

Answer 26

blood flow below normal messes up cell homeostasis

Question 27

how does hypoxia cause cell injury

Answer 27

deficiency or absence of O2 blood flow may be adequate but O2 content is compromised

Question 28

how does immune reactions cause cell injury

Answer 28

overly aggressive inflammatory response autoimmune diseases --> body does not recognize its cells as "Self" and mounts an immune response

Question 29

how does infectious agents cause cell injury

Answer 29

bacteria, viruses, fungi, mycoplasma, rickettsia, protozoa, prions, helminths basically invade tissue that causes a response that can lead to cell death or an attack on the immune system which then elicits an inflammatory response altering cell tissue

Question 30

how does genetic abnormalities cause cell injury

Answer 30

genetic cell changes that can lead to permanent cell damage resulting in genetic abnormalities like down syndromee, marfans syndrome, sickle cell, cystic fibrosis

Question 31

how does nutritional imbalance cause cell injury

Answer 31

rickets is a Ca or a vit D deficiency resulting in bony neck line, big lumpy joints, bowed legs inadequate nutrition intake can alter the function of reabsorption for healthy bone and organ function, resulting in permanent damage (irreversible)

Question 32

how does physical factors/injury cause cell injury

Answer 32

trauma - MVA, athletics, penetrating wounds Extremes in environmental factors: cold. heat, radiation reversible or can be irreversible

Question 33

how does free radical damage cause cell injury

Answer 33

cell death

Question 34

main consequence of cell injury?

Answer 34

reduced organ function

Question 35

consequence of mild injury

Answer 35

sub lethal alterations/injury and inflammation in the affected cells with revery causes a return to preinjury state

Question 36

consequences of more severe injury

Answer 36

lead to tissue alterations and inflammation, repair most likely will not restore damaged tissue and/or tissue function to preinjury state

Question 37

reversible cell injury

Answer 37

many PT interventions are designed to influence this process can get back to normal, if not very close to it

Question 38

chronic cell injury

Answer 38

represents an adaptation to a chronic insult leads to decrease function --> can't fix usually

Question 39

irreversible cell injury

Answer 39

cell death occurs secondary to apoptosis or necrosis

Question 40

chronic insult: fat accumulation

Answer 40

may cause materials to accumulate in cells, results in morphologic changes from binge drinking --> fatty liver unhealthy eating habits --> atherosclerosis lesions --> cholesterol

Question 41

chronic insult: atrophy

Answer 41

decrease in cell size secondary to loss of cell substances or cell number smaller organ/tissue does NOT imply cells are dead, only reduced functional capacity and/or reduced number of cells

Question 42

hypertrophy

Answer 42

increase in size of cells --> increase organ can be physiologic vs/ pathologic

Question 43

what triggers cell death/apoptosis

Answer 43

regulated, controlled process killing off injured cells important role in embryogenesis

Question 44

when the cell is killed, what happens?

Answer 44

it begins to get cleaned by phagocytes engulfs apoptotic cells

Question 45

lysosomal activation --> ___ --> ____

Answer 45

autophagy --> forms pus

Question 46

autophagy

Answer 46

catabolism of cellular components this breakdown of products may be damaging and forms pus

Question 47

necrosis

Answer 47

form of tissue injury that results in cell death within living tissue

Question 48

what is necrosis caused by

Answer 48

factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, toxins or trauma normal housekeeping does not occur = accumulation of decomposing cell debris

Question 49

what does necrosis result in

Answer 49

unregulated digestion of cell components uncontrolled release of products of cell death into the extracellular space inflammatory response !!

Question 50

classic example of necrosis

Answer 50

gangrene

Question 51

what else can cause necrosis?

Answer 51

unregulated digestion of cell components