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Cancer Cytogenetics Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

These are multiple and sequential genetic mutations occurring in a somatic cell.

A

Cancer

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2
Q

This is the process of all blood cells including the production and differentiation of blood cells.

A

Hematopoiesis

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3
Q

This is the starting cell wherein it gives rise to other blood cells.

A

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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4
Q

These are the developed hematopoietic stem cells that are inside bone marrows and can mature into RBCs, WBCs, and Megakaryocytes.

A

Myeloblasts

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5
Q

True or False: Megakaryocytes starts off as large cells and becomes smaller as it matures.

A

False, megakaryocytes start as small cells and matures into big cells.

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6
Q

True or False: Immature cells found in the bone marrow (myeloblasts lineage) can freely go out of the marrow.

A

False: They can only go out of the marrow once they are mature.

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7
Q

This is the uncontrolled proliferation of one or more various types of hematopoietic cells.

A

Leukemia

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8
Q

This type of leukemia mainly affects the lymphoid cells.

A

Lymphocytic Leukemia

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9
Q

This type of leukemia mainly affects the myeloid cells.

A

Myelocytic Leukemia

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10
Q

This is a type of condition of leukemia mainly affects children and young adults, has a sudden onset, lasts up to weeks or months, and affects blasts cells.

A

Acute Leukemia

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11
Q

This type of condition of leukemia mainly affects adults and the elderly, has an insidious onset, may take years to develop, and targets mature cells.

A

Chronic Leukemia

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12
Q

These are the blasts cells that are targeted by acute leukemia.

A

Myeloblasts and Lymphoblasts

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13
Q

These are the mature cells that are targeted by chronic leukemia.

A

Granulocytes and Lymphocytes

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14
Q

This is a minimally differentiated acute myeloblastic leukemia.

A

M0

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15
Q

This is an acute myeloblastic leukemia without maturation.

A

M1 AML

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16
Q

This is an acute myeloblastic leukemia with granulocyte maturation.

A

M2 AML

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17
Q

This is the cytogenetics of the M2 AML.

A

t (8; 21) (q22; q22), t (6; 9)

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18
Q

This is a/an (acute) promyelocytic leukemia (APL).

A

M3 AML

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19
Q

This is the cytogenetics of an M3 AML.

A

t (15; 17)

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20
Q

This is an acute myelomonocytic leukemia.

A

M4 AML

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21
Q

This is the cytogenetics of an M4 AML.

A

inv (16) (p13q22), del (16q)

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22
Q

This is the type of inversion observed in an M4 AML of inv (16) (p13q22).

A

Pericentric Inversion

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23
Q

This is a myelomonocytic together with bone marrow eosinophilia.

A

M4eo

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24
Q

This is the cytogenetics of an M4eo AML.

A

inv (16), t (16; 16)

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25
This is an acute monoblastic leukemia of an acute monocytic leukemia.
M5 AML
26
Under the M5 AML, this is the acute monoblastic variant.
M5a
27
This is the cytogenetics of the M5 AML.
del (11q), t (9; 11), t (11; 19)
28
These are acute erythroid leukemias.
M6 AML
29
This is an erythroleukemia variant of the M6 AML.
M6a
30
This is a very rare and pure erythroid leukemia variant of the M6 AML.
M6b
31
This is an acute megakaryoblastic leukemia.
M7 AML
32
This is the cytogenetic of the M7 AML.
t (1; 22)
33
These are the 3 acute lymphoblastic leukemias and their respective targets.
L1 found in children, L2 found in adults, and L3 is also called the Burkitt's.
34
This ALL is characterized by its small blasts with uniform size, scanty cytoplasm, and round small nucleus.
L1 ALL
35
True or False: The L1 ALL is called a ALL-pre C with a translocation of the 1st chromosome with the 18th chromosome.
False, this is an ALL-pre B with a translocation of the 1st and 19th chromosome.
36
This is the cytogenetics of an L1 ALL.
t (1; 19) (q23; p13.3)
37
This ALL is characterized by its large irregular size blasts, more cytoplasm, irregular nucleus, and a more prominent nucleolus.
L2 ALL
38
True or False: An L2 ALL is also called an ALL-T with a translocation of the 11th and 15th chromosome.
False, it is a translocation of the 11th and 14th chromosome.
39
This is characterized by large blasts that are uniform in size, an abundance in cytoplasm, vacuoles, a round nucleus, and prominent nucleolus.
L3 ALL (Burkitt's Lymphoma)
40
This is the cytogenetics of the Burkitt's Lymphoma.
t (2; 8), t (8; 14), t (8; 22)
41
This leukemia is diagnosed through its first malignancy that is associated with a specific chromosome defect.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
42
This is the cytogenetics of the so called "Philadelphia Chromosome."
t (9; 22) (q34; q11.2)
43
True or False: 99% of patients experience the Philadelphia chromosome translocation.
False, only 95%.
44
This is called CML's abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 of the 9th chromosome.
ABL1 gene
45
This is also called CML's breakpoint cluster region of the 22th chromosome.
BCR gene
46
True or False: CML activates the enzyme thiamine kinase in order to signal cell proliferation.
False, it activates tyrosine kinase.
47
True or False: CML is the proliferation of young granulocytes.
False, it is the proliferation of mature granulocytes.
48
True of False: CML is found mainly in adults 45 years or older.
True
49
True or False: CML's blood findings include severe anemia, increased WBC, and a few circulating blasts.
False, it has mild anemia.
50
This is also called the trisomy of chromosome 12.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
51
This is the cytogenetics of CLL.
t (14; 18) (q32; q21)
52
This is an acquired clonal disorder that affects stem cells with ineffective hematopoiesis.
Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)
53
True or False: MDs is the defects in maturation of all cells in the lymphoid lineage.
False, it is of the myeloid lineage.
54
This is the meaning behind the word dysplastic.
Abnormal
55
This is the other term for the myelodysplastic syndrome.
Pre-leukemia
56
True or False: Of all cases of MDS, 50% turns into AML.
False, only 30 to 40% turns into AML.
57
This condition is characterized by its karyotype anomaly that mainly involve chromosome 5, 7, and 8.
Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)
58
These are the three (3) most frequent abnormalities an MDS would have in its karyotype.
1. del 5q 2. Monosomy 7 3. Trisomy 8
59
True or False: MDS rarely has unbalanced translocation.
False, MDS has frequently unbalanced translocations.
60
This is an example of the unbalanced translocation of MDS.
Unbalanced t (5; 17) and t (7; 17) leading to del 17p.
61
This gene affected by molecular alteration MDS is responsible for cell cycle regulation.
Tumor Protein 53 Gene (TP53)
62
This is the chromosome that is affected in the by the TP53 gene.
Chromosome 17p arm
63
This gene affected by molecular alteration MDS is responsible for the control of blood cell development.
Chromosome 21q arm Runt Related Transcription Factor 1 Gene (RUNX1)
64
This is the chromosome affected by the RUNX1 Gene.
Chromosome 21q arm
65
This gene affected by molecular alteration MDS is responsible for the regulation of the transcription process.
Tet Methylcystosine Dioxygenase 2 Gene (TET2)
66
This is the chromosome affected by the TET2 Gene.
Chromosome 4q arm
67
These are two examples of solid tumors.
Breast and prostate cancer.
68
True or False: Breast cancer mainly affects three (3) parts of the breasts: lobules, ducts, and fats.
False, it mainly affects lobules and ducts only.
69
This gene is located in the Chromosome 17q arm and controls the growth, division, and repair of cells.
HER2 Gene
70
True or False: HER2 proteins are the receptor cells on the lipids on the breasts.
False, it is the receptors for breast cells.
71
True or False: The mutations of the HER2 are the result of a gene suppression.
False, it is the amplification of the gene.
72
True or False: Too many HER2 receptors will inhibit cells from growing but cause cells to divide more often.
False, too many HER2 receptors will cause cells to grow too quickly.
73
This gene is also called the breast cancer gene and the human tumor suppressor gene.
BRCA gene
74
This type of BRCA gene is found on the 17th chromosome.
BRCA 1
75
This type of BRCA gene is found on the 13th chromosome.
BRCA 2
76
This gene is a partner and localizer of the BRCA2.
PALB2 gene
77
This is where the PALB2 gene is located in a chromosome.
Chromosome 16p arm
78
True or False: The PALB2 gene is associated to RNA damage repair.
Fale, it is for DNA damage repair.
79
These are the possible chromosomal deletion that can be found in prostate cancer.
5q, 6q, 8p, 10q, 13q, 16q, 17p, and 18p
80
These are the possible chromosomal insertion that can be found in prostate cancer.
7p/q, 8q, 9p, and Xq
81
True or False: Prostate cancer can have chromosomal rearrangement in 21q and 22q.
False, only a chromosomal rearrangement in 21q.
82
This target gene in prostate cancers is mainly found in Xq12.
AR gene
83
These two target genes in prostate cancers are found in 21q.
TMPRSS and ERG gene fusion
84
This is the meaning of the TMPRSS2.
Transmembrane Protease Serine 2
85
This target gene serves as the transcriptional regulator.
Erythroblast Transformation Specific-Regulated Gene

Cytogenetics (15 decks)

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