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Cytogenetics > Cancer Cytogenetics > Flashcards

Cancer Cytogenetics Flashcards

1
Q

These are multiple and sequential genetic mutations occurring in a somatic cell.

A

Cancer

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2
Q

This is the process of all blood cells including the production and differentiation of blood cells.

A

Hematopoiesis

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3
Q

This is the starting cell wherein it gives rise to other blood cells.

A

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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4
Q

These are the developed hematopoietic stem cells that are inside bone marrows and can mature into RBCs, WBCs, and Megakaryocytes.

A

Myeloblasts

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5
Q

True or False: Megakaryocytes starts off as large cells and becomes smaller as it matures.

A

False, megakaryocytes start as small cells and matures into big cells.

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6
Q

True or False: Immature cells found in the bone marrow (myeloblasts lineage) can freely go out of the marrow.

A

False: They can only go out of the marrow once they are mature.

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7
Q

This is the uncontrolled proliferation of one or more various types of hematopoietic cells.

A

Leukemia

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8
Q

This type of leukemia mainly affects the lymphoid cells.

A

Lymphocytic Leukemia

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9
Q

This type of leukemia mainly affects the myeloid cells.

A

Myelocytic Leukemia

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10
Q

This is a type of condition of leukemia mainly affects children and young adults, has a sudden onset, lasts up to weeks or months, and affects blasts cells.

A

Acute Leukemia

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11
Q

This type of condition of leukemia mainly affects adults and the elderly, has an insidious onset, may take years to develop, and targets mature cells.

A

Chronic Leukemia

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12
Q

These are the blasts cells that are targeted by acute leukemia.

A

Myeloblasts and Lymphoblasts

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13
Q

These are the mature cells that are targeted by chronic leukemia.

A

Granulocytes and Lymphocytes

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14
Q

This is a minimally differentiated acute myeloblastic leukemia.

A

M0

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15
Q

This is an acute myeloblastic leukemia without maturation.

A

M1 AML

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16
Q

This is an acute myeloblastic leukemia with granulocyte maturation.

A

M2 AML

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17
Q

This is the cytogenetics of the M2 AML.

A

t (8; 21) (q22; q22), t (6; 9)

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18
Q

This is a/an (acute) promyelocytic leukemia (APL).

A

M3 AML

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19
Q

This is the cytogenetics of an M3 AML.

A

t (15; 17)

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20
Q

This is an acute myelomonocytic leukemia.

A

M4 AML

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21
Q

This is the cytogenetics of an M4 AML.

A

inv (16) (p13q22), del (16q)

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22
Q

This is the type of inversion observed in an M4 AML of inv (16) (p13q22).

A

Pericentric Inversion

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23
Q

This is a myelomonocytic together with bone marrow eosinophilia.

A

M4eo

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24
Q

This is the cytogenetics of an M4eo AML.

A

inv (16), t (16; 16)

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25
Q

This is an acute monoblastic leukemia of an acute monocytic leukemia.

A

M5 AML

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26
Q

Under the M5 AML, this is the acute monoblastic variant.

A

M5a

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27
Q

This is the cytogenetics of the M5 AML.

A

del (11q), t (9; 11), t (11; 19)

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28
Q

These are acute erythroid leukemias.

A

M6 AML

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29
Q

This is an erythroleukemia variant of the M6 AML.

A

M6a

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30
Q

This is a very rare and pure erythroid leukemia variant of the M6 AML.

A

M6b

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31
Q

This is an acute megakaryoblastic leukemia.

A

M7 AML

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32
Q

This is the cytogenetic of the M7 AML.

A

t (1; 22)

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33
Q

These are the 3 acute lymphoblastic leukemias and their respective targets.

A

L1 found in children, L2 found in adults, and L3 is also called the Burkitt’s.

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34
Q

This ALL is characterized by its small blasts with uniform size, scanty cytoplasm, and round small nucleus.

A

L1 ALL

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35
Q

True or False: The L1 ALL is called a ALL-pre C with a translocation of the 1st chromosome with the 18th chromosome.

A

False, this is an ALL-pre B with a translocation of the 1st and 19th chromosome.

36
Q

This is the cytogenetics of an L1 ALL.

A

t (1; 19) (q23; p13.3)

37
Q

This ALL is characterized by its large irregular size blasts, more cytoplasm, irregular nucleus, and a more prominent nucleolus.

A

L2 ALL

38
Q

True or False: An L2 ALL is also called an ALL-T with a translocation of the 11th and 15th chromosome.

A

False, it is a translocation of the 11th and 14th chromosome.

39
Q

This is characterized by large blasts that are uniform in size, an abundance in cytoplasm, vacuoles, a round nucleus, and prominent nucleolus.

A

L3 ALL (Burkitt’s Lymphoma)

40
Q

This is the cytogenetics of the Burkitt’s Lymphoma.

A

t (2; 8), t (8; 14), t (8; 22)

41
Q

This leukemia is diagnosed through its first malignancy that is associated with a specific chromosome defect.

A

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

42
Q

This is the cytogenetics of the so called “Philadelphia Chromosome.”

A

t (9; 22) (q34; q11.2)

43
Q

True or False: 99% of patients experience the Philadelphia chromosome translocation.

A

False, only 95%.

44
Q

This is called CML’s abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 of the 9th chromosome.

A

ABL1 gene

45
Q

This is also called CML’s breakpoint cluster region of the 22th chromosome.

A

BCR gene

46
Q

True or False: CML activates the enzyme thiamine kinase in order to signal cell proliferation.

A

False, it activates tyrosine kinase.

47
Q

True or False: CML is the proliferation of young granulocytes.

A

False, it is the proliferation of mature granulocytes.

48
Q

True of False: CML is found mainly in adults 45 years or older.

A

True

49
Q

True or False: CML’s blood findings include severe anemia, increased WBC, and a few circulating blasts.

A

False, it has mild anemia.

50
Q

This is also called the trisomy of chromosome 12.

A

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

51
Q

This is the cytogenetics of CLL.

A

t (14; 18) (q32; q21)

52
Q

This is an acquired clonal disorder that affects stem cells with ineffective hematopoiesis.

A

Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)

53
Q

True or False: MDs is the defects in maturation of all cells in the lymphoid lineage.

A

False, it is of the myeloid lineage.

54
Q

This is the meaning behind the word dysplastic.

A

Abnormal

55
Q

This is the other term for the myelodysplastic syndrome.

A

Pre-leukemia

56
Q

True or False: Of all cases of MDS, 50% turns into AML.

A

False, only 30 to 40% turns into AML.

57
Q

This condition is characterized by its karyotype anomaly that mainly involve chromosome 5, 7, and 8.

A

Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)

58
Q

These are the three (3) most frequent abnormalities an MDS would have in its karyotype.

A
  1. del 5q
  2. Monosomy 7
  3. Trisomy 8
59
Q

True or False: MDS rarely has unbalanced translocation.

A

False, MDS has frequently unbalanced translocations.

60
Q

This is an example of the unbalanced translocation of MDS.

A

Unbalanced t (5; 17) and t (7; 17) leading to del 17p.

61
Q

This gene affected by molecular alteration MDS is responsible for cell cycle regulation.

A

Tumor Protein 53 Gene (TP53)

62
Q

This is the chromosome that is affected in the by the TP53 gene.

A

Chromosome 17p arm

63
Q

This gene affected by molecular alteration MDS is responsible for the control of blood cell development.

A

Chromosome 21q arm Runt Related Transcription Factor 1 Gene (RUNX1)

64
Q

This is the chromosome affected by the RUNX1 Gene.

A

Chromosome 21q arm

65
Q

This gene affected by molecular alteration MDS is responsible for the regulation of the transcription process.

A

Tet Methylcystosine Dioxygenase 2 Gene (TET2)

66
Q

This is the chromosome affected by the TET2 Gene.

A

Chromosome 4q arm

67
Q

These are two examples of solid tumors.

A

Breast and prostate cancer.

68
Q

True or False: Breast cancer mainly affects three (3) parts of the breasts: lobules, ducts, and fats.

A

False, it mainly affects lobules and ducts only.

69
Q

This gene is located in the Chromosome 17q arm and controls the growth, division, and repair of cells.

A

HER2 Gene

70
Q

True or False: HER2 proteins are the receptor cells on the lipids on the breasts.

A

False, it is the receptors for breast cells.

71
Q

True or False: The mutations of the HER2 are the result of a gene suppression.

A

False, it is the amplification of the gene.

72
Q

True or False: Too many HER2 receptors will inhibit cells from growing but cause cells to divide more often.

A

False, too many HER2 receptors will cause cells to grow too quickly.

73
Q

This gene is also called the breast cancer gene and the human tumor suppressor gene.

A

BRCA gene

74
Q

This type of BRCA gene is found on the 17th chromosome.

A

BRCA 1

75
Q

This type of BRCA gene is found on the 13th chromosome.

A

BRCA 2

76
Q

This gene is a partner and localizer of the BRCA2.

A

PALB2 gene

77
Q

This is where the PALB2 gene is located in a chromosome.

A

Chromosome 16p arm

78
Q

True or False: The PALB2 gene is associated to RNA damage repair.

A

Fale, it is for DNA damage repair.

79
Q

These are the possible chromosomal deletion that can be found in prostate cancer.

A

5q, 6q, 8p, 10q, 13q, 16q, 17p, and 18p

80
Q

These are the possible chromosomal insertion that can be found in prostate cancer.

A

7p/q, 8q, 9p, and Xq

81
Q

True or False: Prostate cancer can have chromosomal rearrangement in 21q and 22q.

A

False, only a chromosomal rearrangement in 21q.

82
Q

This target gene in prostate cancers is mainly found in Xq12.

A

AR gene

83
Q

These two target genes in prostate cancers are found in 21q.

A

TMPRSS and ERG gene fusion

84
Q

This is the meaning of the TMPRSS2.

A

Transmembrane Protease Serine 2

85
Q

This target gene serves as the transcriptional regulator.

A

Erythroblast Transformation Specific-Regulated Gene

Cytogenetics (15 decks)

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