Introduction to Cytology

Question 1

This is a branch of genetics that studies the function of a cell.

Answer 1

Cytogenetics

Question 2

This puts focus on chromosomes and the process of inheritance.

Answer 2

Cytogenetics

Question 3

He used a salamander in desribing chromosomes.

Answer 3

Walther Flemming

Question 4

This was the number of human chromosomes was mistakenly identified to be.

Answer 4

48

Question 5

The other term for Trisomy 21

Answer 5

Down Synrome

Question 6

Why is it called Trisomy 21?

Answer 6

This is because the 21st has become a triplet of chromosomes.

Question 7

This is the year where the human karyotype was determined to be 46.

Answer 7

1956

Question 8

This is the most basic technique in genetics.

Answer 8

Karyotyping

Question 9

This is the routine analysis of chromosomes at the metaphase stage.

Answer 9

Karyotyping

Question 10

This is the reason why karyotyping is important.

Answer 10

In order to visualize structures and observe abnormalities.

Question 11

This refers to the removal of chromosomes that could potentially remove senses like hunger, thirst, or pain.

Answer 11

Chromosome Deletion

Question 12

The two types of stains in karyotyping.

Answer 12

Giemsa and Leishman Stains

Question 13

This is the reason why the metaphase stage is the best for karyotyping.

Answer 13

Chromosomes are distinguishable and can be fully viewed from the microscope.

Question 14

This is a cytogenetic technique that uses molecules that light up and attaches to specific chromosome areas with a high sequence complementarity.

Answer 14

Fluorescent In-site Hybridization (FISH)

Question 15

This is an expensive process due to probes and their effective ability to detect abnormalities.

Answer 15

Fluorescent In-site Hybridization (FISH)

Question 16

These molecules are important in targeting specific chromosomes and chromosome parts like their tips.

Answer 16

Probes

Question 17

These are examples of probes.

Answer 17

1. Gene-specific Probes
2. Centromeric Probes
3. Telomeric Probes
4. Chromosome-painting Probes

Question 18

There are the examples of repetitive sequence probes.

Answer 18

1. Centromeric Probes
2. Telomeric Probes

Question 19

These are organisms that require extra materials and special factors in order to survive.

Answer 19

Fastidious Organisms

Question 20

These are examples of organisms that need special needs in order to survive.

Answer 20

Humans and Bacteria

Question 21

These are used in order to study the extent of which certain genes are turned on or off in cells and tissues.

Answer 21

DNA Microarray Analysis

Question 22

This is used today as a form of clinical diagnostic test for some diseases.

Answer 22

DNA Microarray Analysis

Question 23

This is the sample that is needed in order to use microarray analysis.

Answer 23

mRNA

Question 24

This is when an mRNA turns into a protein.

Answer 24

Translation

Question 25

This is the enzyme that reverts mRNA back to DNA.

Answer 25

Reverse Transcriptase

Question 26

An example of virus that possesses the reverse transcriptase enzyme.

Answer 26

HIV

Question 27

This is the determining factor for the diagnosis of HIV.

Answer 27

Viral Load

Question 28

The CD4 count in determining AIDS.

Answer 28

>200

Question 29

The CD4 count in determining HIV.

Answer 29

<200

Question 30

What is the type of therapy used in order to treat viruses such as HIV.

Answer 30

Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART)

Question 31

These are organized structures of DNA.

Answer 31

Chromosomes

Question 32

These have structural proteins and other factors in order to help maintain its integrity to facilitate formation and replication.

Answer 32

Chromosomes

Question 33

These have all the genetic material in an organism.

Answer 33

Chromosomes

Question 34

These are structural proteins responsible for preventing DNA from uncoiling and getting damaged.

Answer 34

Histones

Question 35

This refers to having multiple sets of chromosomes.

Answer 35

Polyploidy

Question 36

Examples of mutliple sets of chromosomes.

Answer 36

1. Diploid 2. Triploid 3. Tetraploid 4. Pentaploid

Question 37

This is the enzyme that unwinds and unzips DNA.

Answer 37

DNA Helicase

Question 38

This is the term for an unzipped DNA.

Answer 38

Replication Fork

Question 39

These are chromosomes that are of a matching pair, each coming from a parent.

Answer 39

Homologous Chromosomes

Question 40

These are two identical copies of a given chromosome formed by DNA replication.

Answer 40

Sister Chromatids

Question 41

This refers to the longest arm of a chromosome.

Answer 41

Q Arm

Question 42

This refers to the shortest arm of a chromosome.

Answer 42

P Arm

Question 43

This refers to the tip of a chromosome.

Answer 43

Telomere

Question 44

This refers to the center of a chromosome.

Answer 44

Centromere

Question 45

This is the location wherein two identical chromosome pairs are joint together.

Answer 45

Centromere

Question 46

These are the type of chromosomes found within eukaryotes.

Answer 46

Linear Chromosomes

Question 47

These are the type of DNA found in prokaryotes' nucleoid region.

Answer 47

Circular DNA

Question 48

This is the process prokaryotes (bacteria) proliferate and reproduce.

Answer 48

Asexual Reproduction via Binary Fission

Question 49

This is the causative agent (specie of bacteria) of a disease commonly found in tick bites.

Answer 49

Borrelia burgdorferi

Question 50

This is the term for the disease that refers to tick bites.

Answer 50

Lyme Disease

Question 51

These are the people that made discoveries about tick bites and their associated disease.

Answer 51

Hinnebusch and Tilly

Question 52

This is the year where they discovered the associated disease coming from tick bites.

Answer 52

1993

Question 53

These are the people that said that bacteria contain linear chromosomes.

Answer 53

Hinnebusch and Tilly

Question 54

The specific species of ticks that causes lyme disease.

Answer 54

Ixodes

Question 55

This is characterized by a red center and a ring around a bite mark indicating the initial rash of Lyme disease.

Answer 55

Erythema (chronicum) migrans