Staining and Banding

Question 1

This is defined as the part of a chromosome which is clearly distinguishable from its adjacent segments by appearing darker or lighter with various banding methods.

Answer 1

Band

Question 2

This is the year and conference that defined what a Band is.

Answer 2

Paris Conference in 1971

Question 3

This is the reason why banding and band pattern is necessary to study.

Answer 3

To identify abnormalities.

Question 4

These are the classification of banding techniques.

Answer 4

1. Based on GC and AT Regions
2. Constitutive Heterochromatin Region

Question 5

These are the chromosomes that have a condensed size and increased diameter used in banding studies after fixing.

Answer 5

Metaphase Chromosomes

Question 6

These are the Banding Techniques

Answer 6

1. Quinarcine
2. Giemsa
3. NOR
4. Centromeric

Question 7

The year Q banding was made.

Answer 7

1958

Question 8

The year G banding was made.

Answer 8

1971

Question 9

The year NOR banding was made.

Answer 9

1973

Question 10

The year C banding was made.

Answer 10

1978

Question 11

The people that made Q banding.

Answer 11

Casperson et. al

Question 12

The people that made G banding.

Answer 12

Summer et. al

Question 13

The people that made NOR banding.

Answer 13

Matsui and Sasaki

Question 14

The people that made C banding.

Answer 14

Linde and Laursen

Question 15

This is the process on which the cells are subjected to mild hydrolysis at 1N HCl- at 600 degrees C for 10 minutes.

Answer 15

Feulgen Staining

Question 16

This treatment produces a free aldehyde group in its deoxyribose molecule; only specific for DNA.

Answer 16

Feulgen Staining

Question 17

This is the color of the Feulgen Stain and the respective reagents used.

Answer 17

Schiff’s reagent and basic fuschin bleached with sulfuric acid. Pink is the end color.

Question 18

This is the part of the cell that is visible when treated with a Feulgen Stain.

Answer 18

The DNA (not the protein)

Question 19

These are the fluorescent bands observed after staining and observation with UV light.

Answer 19

Quinacrine (mustard) Banding

Question 20

These are the ends of a chromatid that are not stained by Q stain.

Answer 20

Distal ends

Question 21

These are the respective phases wherein the Y chromosomes becomes fluorescent.

Answer 21

Interphase and Metaphase

Question 22

Q and G banding are similar due to this region being fluorescent.

Answer 22

A and T rich region of chromosomes.

Question 23

These are the respective staining characteristics of AT and GC rich bases.

Answer 23

AT is dark staining and GC is light staining.

Question 24

Coming from reverse, these are located in zones that do not fluoresce either the quinacrine mustard.

Answer 24

R banding

Question 25

This is the buffer used and the following stain treated in R banding.

Answer 25

Phosphate buffer and Giemsa stain

Question 26

This is the visualized color of the R bands and they are located between these bands.

Answer 26

Visualized as green between Q bands.

Question 27

This banding technique is used to provide critical information about gene rich regions near the telomeres.

Answer 27

R banding

Question 28

These banding technique has the same location as the Q bands and do not require fluorescent microscopy.

Answer 28

G banding

Question 29

This is the main disadvantage of G banding.

Answer 29

Not applicable for plants.

Question 30

This is the meaning of the ASG cells.

Answer 30

Acid-Saline-Giemsa Cells

Question 31

These are the components and process of the G banding technique.

Answer 31

1. Citric acid (trypsin) and NaCl Incubation 2. One hour incubation at 60 C 3. Treated with the Giemsa stain

Question 32

This is the purpose of using trypsin, urea, or protease in G banding technique.

Answer 32

To denature proteins

Question 33

Two compounds interacting with DNA in order to brighten sulfur rich regions.

Answer 33

Thiazine and Eosin

Question 34

These are the 3 Methylenes used in G banding.

Answer 34

1. Methelyene Azure+ 2. Methelyene Violet+ 3. Methelyne Blue+

Question 35

This isthe reason why G banding techniques are not applicable to plants.

Answer 35

Planst mitotic metaphase is 10x shorter than humans.

Question 36

This is specifically used for identifying heterochromatin.

Answer 36

C banding

Question 37

This is described as the major component of the eukaryotic nucleus and is essential for the maintenance of genome stability.

Answer 37

Heterochromatin

Question 38

This is the region where C banding techniques are done.

Answer 38

Heterochromatin Region

Question 39

This is a banding technique wherein DNA is denatured with an alkaline soluton then treated with a Giemsa stain.

Answer 39

C banding

Question 40

This is the location wherein C banding stains the constitutive heterochromatins.

Answer 40

Near the centomere

Question 41

This is a technique wherein it is air dried and treated with TCA and HCl.

Answer 41

N banding

Question 42

These are the procedures in N banding techniques.

Answer 42

1. Treated with 5% Trichloroacetic acid; 95C; 30 minutes. 2. Treated with 0.1N HCl; 60C; 30 minutes.

Question 43

These are the advantages of N banding techniques.

Answer 43

1. Nuecleolar organizer region indentidication. 2. Superior banding for plants.

Question 44

This is the respective origin of the parts of a chromosome.

Answer 44

1. Short arm (p) for petite. 2. Long arm (q) for queue. 3. Centromere

Question 45

This is described as the regions of a chromosome arm that can be seen using a microscope and stains.

Answer 45

Cytogenetic Bands

Question 46

These are the labels of cytogenetic bands.

Answer 46

p1, p2, q1, and q2 ## Footnote Counted from the centromere towards the telomere.

Question 47

These are bands found within the bands at a higher resolution.

Answer 47

Sub-bands

Question 48

Where is the indicated map location of the gene 7q31.2

Answer 48

Chromosome 7; Q Arm; Band 3; Sub-band 1; Sub-sub-band 2.

Question 49

These are the notation used for the ends of a chromosome.

Answer 49

ptel and qtel

Question 50

This indicated the notation 7qtel.

Answer 50

End of the long arm of the 7th chromosome.

Question 51

This is the meaning of ISCN.

Answer 51

International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature.

Question 52

This is the number of which is near and far from the centromere.

Answer 52

1. Lowest number is near the centromere. 2. Highest number is far from the centromere.

Question 53

These are the other terms for the lowest and highest number of a chromosome area.

Answer 53

1. Proximal (near/lowest) 2. Distal (far/highest)

Question 54

As far as the nomencalture for chromosome notation, this is how to read the following: 1. p11 2. p23

Answer 54

1. short arm one-one 2. short arm two-three