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A-LEVEL BIOLOGY > CARBOHYDRATES > Flashcards

CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards

1
Q

What are carbohydrates made up of? (5)

A

Are made up of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon.
Some also contain phosphorus and nitrogen.

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2
Q

What are monosaccharides? (5)

A

Are known as simple sugars and are the following:
Hexose sugars:
-glucose
-galactose
-Fructose
But can also be pentose sugars:
-ribose
-deoxyribose

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3
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Are known as simple sugars and are the following:
-sucrose
-lactose
-maltose

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4
Q

What monosaccharides make up the disaccharide sucrose? (2)

A

Glucose and fructose.

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5
Q

What monosaccharides make up the disaccharide lactose? (2)

A

Glucose and galactose.

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6
Q

What monosaccharides make up the disaccharide maltose? (2)

A

Glucose and another glucose.

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7
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Are made up of 3 or more monosaccharides.

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8
Q

What are the polysaccharides? (3)

A

-starch
-glycogen
-cellulose

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9
Q

Where is starch found?(1)

A

Is a fuel store in plants and animals

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10
Q

What is the function of glycogen? (1)

A

A fuel store in animals.

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11
Q

What is the function of cellulose? (1)

A

Is a major component of plant cel walls.

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12
Q

What is the formula for glucose?(1)

A

C6H1206

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13
Q

What are isomers? (1)

A

Tow or more different structural formulae of the same molecular formula.

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14
Q

What are the isomers of glucose? (2)

A

A-glucose and b-glucose.

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15
Q

What is a polysaccharide known as?(1)

A

A complex carbohydrate.

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16
Q

What is OH known as in biology? (1)

A

A hydroxyl group.

17
Q

What is meant by a hexose sugar?(1)

A

It has 6 carbons in its structure.

18
Q

How does fructose differentiate from glucose? (1)

A

It has 5 sides in its structural ring but still has 6 carbons.

19
Q

What are the properties of fructose? (3)

A

Is known as a fruit sugar, is soluble and is the main sugar in fruits and nectar.

20
Q

How does galactose differentiate from glucose? (1)

A

On its C-6 it has the hydroxyl group flipped by 180 degrees.

21
Q

What is the function of galactose? (2)

A

Important in the production of glycolipids and glycoproteins

22
Q

What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose?(1)

A

Deoxyribose,on its C-2 has no oxygen bonded with the hydrogen like on ribose.

23
Q

What is the reverse of a condensation reaction? (1)

A

A hydrolysis reaction.

24
Q

What is starch made of? (2)

A

Two polysaccharides which are amylose and amylopectin which are bonded together by 1-4 glycosidic bonds.

25
Q

What is the structure of amylose?(1)

A

Forms a helical coiled structure

26
Q

What are the properties of amylose? (2)

A

Is insoluble

Is compact because of coils.

27
Q

What is the function of amylose? (1)

A

Stored in starch grains in animal cells.

28
Q

What is the structure of amylopectin? (2)

A

Contains many 1-4 glycosidic bonds but also contain 1-6 glycosidic bonds because it branches out

29
Q

What are the properties of amylopectin?(3)

A

Is insoluble,compact-able but not as much as amylase and can be broken down quickly because of branches.

30
Q

What do animals store for energy?(1)

A

Do not store carbohydrates but as glycogen, which has a similar structure as amylopectin but has more branches.

31
Q

Where is glycogen stored? (2)

A

Liver and muscle cells.

32
Q

What is the structure of cellulose?(2)

A

Contains some glycosidic bonds but because in order to make a glycosidic bond two hydroxyl groups must be next to each other, every other glucose molecule is flipped upside down to form a beta (1-4) glycosidic bond.

33
Q

What is the function of cellulose? (2)

A

Prevents plant cells from bursting an gives it shape.

34
Q

What is lactose known as?(1)

A

A milk sugar.

35
Q

What is sucrose known as?(1)

A

Table sugar

36
Q

What is

A
37
Q

What is maltose known as? (1)

A

Malt sugar

A-LEVEL BIOLOGY (34 decks)

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