IMMUNITY AND VACCINATION

Question 1

What are the types of immunity? (1)

Answer 1

-active immunity
-passive immunity

Question 2

what is active immunity? (1)

Answer 2

antibodies that are made by the subject

Question 3

what is passive immunity? (1)

Answer 3

antibodies not made by the subject but made by other organisms

Question 4

by what means can immunity be produced? (2)

Answer 4

-artificial immunity
-natural immunity

Question 5

describe what active artificial immunity is and give an example. (2)

Answer 5

antibodies made following administration of a vaccine. B cells, T cells and memory cells are made.

Question 6

describe what passive artificial immunity is and give an example. (2)

Answer 6

antibodies administrated by injection (immunisation)

Question 7

describe what active natural immunity is and give an example. (2)

Answer 7

production of antibodies following injection by, and recovery from. a disease B cells, T cells and memory cells are made.

Question 8

describe what passive natural immunity is and give an example. (2)

Answer 8

mothers antibodies cross placenta to foetus or ingested by baby in mother breast milk.

Question 9

what is the longevity of active immunity? (1)

Answer 9

long-lasting since memory cells are maintained throughout life.

Question 10

what is the longevity off passive immunity? (1)

Answer 10

fades with time, since the recipient has not made memory cells and the antibodies received are themselves treated as non-self antigens and destroyed by recipients active immunity.

Question 11

what is vaccination? (1)

Answer 11

the deliberate administration of antigenic material to stimulate the recipient to develop active immunity against a pathogen

Question 12

what can the active agent in a vaccine be? (4)

Answer 12

-the intact pathogen that has been inactivated
-purified components of the pathogen that have been found to have antigenic properties but do not cause disease
-toxoids
-genetically engineered DNA

Question 13

what is a toxoid? (1)

Answer 13

modified toxins

Question 14

what is herd immunity? (1)

Answer 14

provided a large enough proportion of a population are immune to a particular contagious disease, the likelihood of the causative pathogen being transmitted who is not immune is negligible.