Carbohydrates

Question 1

3 categories of carbohydrates

Answer 1

starches, sugars, fiber (cellulose and lignin)

Question 2

which need carbs; dogs or cats? why?

Answer 2

dogs bc they are omnivores (up to 65% of diet)

cats can tolerate small amounts (up to 4g/kg/day)

Question 3

enzyme in GI tract that breaks down sugars and starches, what is made as a result?

Answer 3

amylase

breaks sugars and starches down into glucose

Question 4

lactase (in young mostly) breaks down milk (lactose) into what

Answer 4

glucose and galactose

Question 5

what happens to lactose in adults lacking lactase enzymes

Answer 5

doesnt get digested, passed to large intestine, fermented

causes gas, bloating, diarrhea

Question 6

why cats and dogs that eat honey, fruits, molasses, etc. can have diarrhea

Answer 6

cats/dogs only have small amounts of sucrase that is needed to breakdown sucrose

Question 7

sucrose is broken down by sucrase into ->

Answer 7

glucose and fructose

Question 8

soybeans (raffinose and stachyose complex sugars) break down into->

Answer 8

glucose, fructose, galactose->glucose

Question 9

how to increase ability of animals to digest soybeans

Answer 9

gradually give small amounts, increases the microflora posessing enzyme to break soybeans down

Question 10

define borborygmus

Answer 10

gut sound (plural= borborygmi)

Question 11

why cooking increases the solubility and digestibility of carbs

Answer 11

denatures some sugars and other contents

Question 12

soybeans are a good source of ____ for animals

a) carb
b) protein
c) fat

Answer 12

a and b

Question 13

2 essential amino acids lacking from soy protein

Answer 13

methionine and taurine

methionine essential in dogs, cats need both

Question 14

when starting a dog or cat on a soy protein diet, be sure to supplement what amino acids

Answer 14

methionine for dogs

methionine and taurine for cats

Question 15

most digestible carb available

Answer 15

rice (a starch)

Question 16

microbes in intestine make this enzyme to breakdown cellulose fiber in plants

Answer 16

cellulase

Question 17

where cellulase is produced by microbes in ruminants, psuedo-ruminants, and hind-gut fermenters

Answer 17

ruminants/psuedo= rumen

hind-gut (horses, guinea pigs, rabbits)= cecum

Question 18

what contains lignin

what mammals can digest it

Answer 18

tree bark

none can digest

Question 19

dietary fiber supplies a significant amount of energy in

a) dogs and cats
b) ruminants and horses
c) all

Answer 19

b (there are no requirements for fiber in d/c diets)

Question 20

insoluble fiber tends to ____ (speed up/slow down) GI emptying and ____(decrease/ increase) nutrient absorption

Answer 20

speeds up, decreases

Question 21

soluble fiber tends to ____ (speed up/slow down) GI emptying and ____(decrease/ increase) nutrient absorption

Answer 21

slow down, increases

Question 22

pectin from fruit is an example of soluble or insoluble fiber

Answer 22

soluble fiber

Question 23

how dietary fiber helps nourish colonic cells

Answer 23

its fermentation leads to short chain fatty acids (nourish colonic cells)

Question 24

why dietary fiber is beneficial to diabetic patients

Answer 24

slows down glucose absorption

Question 25

what DISHAA is used to help diagnose

Answer 25

accesses mental acuity of dogs to diagnose CDS (cognitive dysfunction syndrome)

Question 26

what DISHAA stands for

Answer 26

``` disorientation (social) interactions sleep/wake cycles house-soiling, leaning and memory activity (exploration/play) anxiety (increased separation or fear) ```

Question 27

ideal fecal score (1-7)

Answer 27

2

Question 28

differences in signs of small bowel issues and large bowel issues (associated w feces)

Answer 28

small= no straining, dark tarry blood(melena), rarely mucous, normal-larger amounts in volume large=straining, bright fresh blood, mucous frequently present, smaller amounts in volume

Question 29

ideal BCS for both d/c (1-9)

Answer 29

5 (4-5 in dogs)

Question 30

why consumption of goats milk was frowned upon back in the day

Answer 30

cases of Brucella melitensis transmitted from goats to humans

Question 31

why goats milk is easier to digest than cows milk

Answer 31

smaller milk proteins (casein) and smaller fat globules that are more easily broken down, produces soft curd rather than hard curd

Question 32

why goat milk is better than cows milk

Answer 32

more thiamine, phosphorus, easier to digest

Question 33

enzyme found in abomasum of calves used to clot milk

Answer 33

rennin

Question 34

studies in britian suggested that SIDs (sudden infant death syndrome) is linked to what

Answer 34

cow milk allergies-> vomit and aspirate-> severe anaphylactic reaction to the antigen in their airways

Question 35

main difference between insoluble and soluble fibers

Answer 35

insoluble- doesnt dissolve in water | soluble-dissolves in water

Question 36

cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are insoluble or soluble fibers

Answer 36

insoluble

Question 37

most common and also least serious cause of canine diarrhea

Answer 37

dietary changes

Question 38

2nd most common cause of canine diarrhea

Answer 38

parasitic infections

Question 39

3rd most common cause of canine diarrhea

Answer 39

viral infections (ex corona or parvo)

Question 40

most simple definition of diarrhea

Answer 40

stool w more water than usual

Question 41

which is more serious, large or small intestine issues

Answer 41

small

Question 42

a dog who comes in ataxic and vomiting, having eaten gum containing xylitol, will likely show (low or high) glucose in blood

Answer 42

abnormally low, hypoglycemia (production of large amounts of insulin)

Question 43

1st sign of xylitol poisoning in dogs | what signs follow

Answer 43

1st= vomiting | followed may be= lethargy, ataxia, seizures

Question 44

signs of xylitol poisoning occur ab how long after consumption? how long until hypoglycemia occurs? liver enzyme levels increase?

Answer 44

ab 30 minutes, hypoglycemia may not occur until 12 hours after liver enzymes begin to increase within 6-12 hours

Question 45

what organs can fail in xylitol poisoned dogs

Answer 45

hepatic failure (liver)

Question 46

how to treat dog that has eaten xylitol

Answer 46

if dog is not symptomatic yet= emetics (bc ataxia may cause aspiration) dextrose in hypoglycemic dogs