Vitamins

Question 1

minerals are ____ and vitamins are ____

organic or inorganic?

Answer 1

minerals- inorganic

vitamins- organic

Question 2

list the fat soluble vitamins

Answer 2

A,D,E,K

Question 3

list water soluble vitamins

Answer 3

B,C

Question 4

how often we need fat soluble vs. water soluble vitamins

Answer 4

fat- stored in our bodies (may be toxic)

water- daily (not stored, seldom toxic)

Question 5

what vitamin A is needed for

Answer 5

vision, bone/teeth (osteoclast function), epithelial cells

Question 6

what are osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Answer 6

clasts- break down bone

blasts- build up bone

Question 7

list the vitamin A precursors and where they are found

Answer 7

carotenoids (like betacarotene)- pigments in yellow/orange fruits/vegs
lycopene- found in tomatoes/blueberries (is converted to betacarotene)

Question 8

where in body betacarotene is converted to vitamin A? what animals cannot do this and have to eat straight vitamin A?

Answer 8

small intestine and liver, not cats or box turtles

Question 9

why carotenoids and lycopenes are not toxic, but vitamin A itself can be

Answer 9

carotenoids and lycopenes= water soluble (excreted)

vitamin A- fat soluble (stored)

Question 10

vitamin A deficiencies can cause

Answer 10

blindness, dry eyes (xeropthlamia), reproduction problems (epithelial cells of uterus), resp problems (epithelial cells), growth disorders (osteoclasts), skin problems (epithelial cells)

Question 11

vitamin A excess can cause

Answer 11

liver damage (stored), enlarged joints, fetal abnormalities/still birth, cervical spondylosis (“bone spurs”)

Question 12

the sunshine vitamin

Answer 12

vitamin D

Question 13

2 active forms of vitamin D

Answer 13

D-2 (precursor= ergosterol in plant material)+gut enzymes=active form
D-3 (precursor= 7 dehydrocholesterol in skin) + UV light= active form

Question 14

what species can only use the D-3 form of vitamin D

Answer 14

reptiles and birds

Question 15

vitamin D is linked to the absorption of

Answer 15

Ca and P

Question 16

deficient vitamin D can cause

Answer 16

same as Ca and P
osteoporosis, nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, ricketts in young, hypocalcemia
(possible also cancers)

Question 17

why cola is thought to lower bone density and increase risk of osteoporosis

Answer 17

often have much P, change the Ca:P ration from 2:1 to 1:2

Question 18

vitamin E is also called

Answer 18

alpha tocopherol or tocopherol

Question 19

what vitamin E is needed for

Answer 19

fertility (males esp.), stress, works w selenium as an antioxidant

Question 20

what vitamin K is needed for

Answer 20

needed to make prothrombin for clotting

Question 21

where vitamin K is made

Answer 21

bacteria in intestinal tract, from plants, or is made artifically

Question 22

circumstances in which we would suppliment vitamin K

Answer 22

on long term anitbiotics (mat kill gut bacteria that make it), long term diarrhea (wash out bacteria or vitamin K being made), in birds (short GI tract, little time for absorption), if eat rat poison (warfarin ties up vitamin K)

Question 23

what to do in event of animal eating rat poison

Answer 23

induce vomiting or if too late supplement vitamin K for 3-4 weeks

Question 24

where are B-complex vitamins made

Answer 24

bacteria in LI (rumen in ruminants, cecum in horses)

Question 25

what B-complex vitamins are needed for

Answer 25

energy metabolism, cofactors and coenzymes of energy metabolism, stress increases need

Question 26

what causes vitamin B-Complex deficiencies

Answer 26

long term antibiotic use or diarrhea (washed out vitamins or kills bacteria that make)

Question 27

when to supplement B-1 (thiamine)

Answer 27

animal is fed raw fish (contains thiaminase), or has coccidiosis (intestinal parasite, uses up thiamine)

Question 28

vitamin B-1 is also known as

Answer 28

thiamine

Question 29

vitamin B-2 is also known as

Answer 29

Riboflavin

Question 30

signs of B-1 (thiamine) deficiency

Answer 30

affects brain; nervous system signs like polioencephalomalacia (aka opisthotonus/ stargazing)

Question 31

what B-2 (Riboflavin) is needed for | deficiency causes what

Answer 31

needed to break down fats | deficiency= glossitis (inflamation of tongue) or dermatitis

Question 32

vitamin B-3 is also called

Answer 32

niacin

Question 33

how niacin is made and possible sources

Answer 33

made from amino acid tryptophan (except in cats), tryptophan and niacin found in meat

Question 34

B-3 (niacin) deficiency can cause

Answer 34

oral ulcers and stomatits | pellagra in humans, black tongue in dogs

Question 35

vitamin B-5 is also called

Answer 35

Pantothenic acid

Question 36

what B-5 (pantothenic acid) is needed for

Answer 36

coenzyme for krebs cycle for energy production, helps production of antibodies, helps make neurotransmitters like acetylcholine

Question 37

vitamin B-6 is also called

Answer 37

Pyridoxine

Question 38

what B-6 (pyridoxine) is needed for

Answer 38

hemoglobin synthesis, helps metabolize fats and proteins, helps maintain nerve function

Question 39

vitamin B-7 is also called

Answer 39

biotin

Question 40

what B-7 (biotin) is needed for

Answer 40

healthy hooves and nails

Question 41

vitamin B-9 is also called

Answer 41

Folic acid

Question 42

B-9 (folic acid) deficiency can lead to

Answer 42

neural tube defects in embryo (forms brain and spinal cord), cleft palate, hair lip, spina bifida (lumbar vertebrae usu. dont close completely around spine), encephalocele (brain portrudes out in buldge), anencephaly (no brain)

Question 43

vitamin B-12 is also called

Answer 43

Cobalamine or cyanocobalimine

Question 44

what vitamin B-12 (cobalamine) is needed for? | deficiencies can cause...

Answer 44

RBC production deficiency= non-regenerative anemia or pernicious anemia (lack intrinsic factor made by parietal cells in stomach needed to absorb B-12)

Question 45

this B-like vitamin substance is often supplemented in fresh cows to prevent ketosis it can also be used to treat what in humans

Answer 45

choline (involved in protein, carb, and fat metabolism) | treat liver disease and neurologic conditions in humans (like alzeimer's, depression, and memory loss)

Question 46

vitamin C is also called | what animals cannot produce it in their livers from glucose like others

Answer 46

ascorbic acid | guinea pigs, fish, bats, primates

Question 47

Vitamin C is needed for | deficiency?

Answer 47

Fe absorption, collagen synthesis/wound healing, bone metabolism (healing) deficiency = scurvy (gums bleeding, skin lesions, slow healing (may appear as bruising))

Question 48

list the vitamin (and mineral) antioxidants

Answer 48

A (and betacarotene and lycopene), C, E (+ selenium) | also zinc

Question 49

antioxidants prevent the formation of free radicals, like peroxide, in cells. why are these bad?

Answer 49

damage cell membranes and DNA | cause decreased immunity, disease, possibly cancer

Question 50

plant used to increase vitamin D3 and increase calcium absorption in hens and create stronger egg shells

Answer 50

Solanum

Question 51

one case we read about was an iguana w signs suggesting renal failure, she was supplemented calcium and vitamin D daily, what was the issue?

Answer 51

too much vitamin D, (renal failure secondary hypervitamindosis D), excessive supplementation allows large amounts of Ca to be absorbed from intestines resulting in soft tissue mineralization