Minerals\

Question 1

what are minerals (aka ash)

Answer 1

inorganic, non-combustible element portion of diet

Question 2

difference between macrominerals and microminerals

Answer 2

macro- larger amounts needed, required in % amounts

micro- trace amounts, required in parts per million (ppm)

Question 3

which 2 macrominerals make up the hydroxyapatite of bones

Answer 3

Ca+ P

main constituent of tooth enamel and bone

Question 4

calcium is needed for

Answer 4

blood coagulation, nerve impulses, and muscle contraction

Question 5

Phosphorus is needed for

Answer 5

enzyme systems, transfer/ store energy, cell membranes, part of genetic material

Question 6

Ca:P ratio in diet must be approximatley

Answer 6

2:1 (Ca:P)

Question 7

a reversed Ca:P ratio can lead to

Answer 7

nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, aka big head or millers disease, Ca leaves bones and is replaced by fibrous connective tissue (weak bones, fractures)

Question 8

how a reversed Ca:P ratio (or not enough Ca) causes nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 8

parathyroid helps to raise blood calcium if it is low by drawing calcium out of the bone, pituitary gland senses hypocalcemia and increases parathyroid hormone,
Ca leaves bones replaced by fibrous connective tissue (weak bones, fractures)

Question 9

nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism is also called

Answer 9

big head (deformed bones/ connective tissue) or millers disease or nutritional osteodystrophy

Question 10

why all meat diets can lead to nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 10

most meats (not fish) have high proportion of P

Question 11

source of dicalcium phosphate, what is its Ca:P ratio

Answer 11

bone meal, 2:1

Question 12

most common source of calcium

Answer 12

Calcium carbonate (found in limestone)

Question 13

disease risks associated w raw bones as a source of dicalcium phosphate

Answer 13

salmonella, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

Question 14

3 things that work together to make strong bones

Answer 14

Ca, P, and vitamin D

Question 15

dificiencies of Ca, P, and vitamin D can cause

Answer 15

ricketts in young, osteoporosis in old, hypocalcemia

Question 16

how fosomax (Boniva in humans) is used to treat/ prevent osteoporosis

Answer 16

give injections while feeding high calcium diet, drives Ca into bones

Question 17

a phosphorus deficiency specifically can cause

Answer 17

decreased fertility

Question 18

excess Ca and P can lead to

Answer 18

soft tissue calcification (heteroplastic ossification) or urinary calculi

Question 19

why UV light is important for pet reptiles, how often change bulb?

Answer 19

helps vitamin D production (linked to Ca and P absorption), usually change every 9 months

Question 20

Magnesium is needed for

Answer 20

muscle and bone structure/function, enzyme systems

Question 21

supplemental form of magnesium

Answer 21

MgSO4 (magnesium sulfate) in epsom salts or calcium magnesium supplement

Question 22

what may cause magnesium deficiency

Answer 22

inadequate intake, v/d, protein malnutrition, use of diuretics, rapid growing forages in spring time (grass tetany, cattle)

Question 23

if cats are getting over 0.1% magnesium in diet (excess) what may occur

Answer 23

FLUTD/FUS (feline urologic sydrome) bc of struvite crystals forming made of ammonium, P, and Mg

Question 24

list the macrominerals that are electrolytes

Answer 24

Na, Cl (chloride), and K (potassium)

Question 25

what Na Cl and K (electrolytes) are needed for

Answer 25

maintain osmotic pressure in bloodstream and in cells (bc water is drawn towards them), acid/base balance(pH)

Question 26

Cl is needed for the parietal cells in stomach to produce

Answer 26

HCL (hydorchloric acid/ gastric juice)

Question 27

why excess NaCl may be a problem in cases of renal and heart disease

Answer 27

NaCl draws more water and less is excreted from kidneys, may also increase blood pressure (why heart disease patients should eat less sodium)

Question 28

what is K specifically needed for

Answer 28

muscle and nerve function (cardiac function)

Question 29

how to replenish electrolytes in a v/d animal

Answer 29

IV (saline with added K) or oral (pedialyte, can be given to puppies) electrolyte solutions

Question 30

why we give animals w chronic kidney disease tumil K

Answer 30

K supplement, lose too much K thro urine

Question 31

what sulfur is needed for

Answer 31

make amino acids (methionine, lysine, cysteine, cystine, taurine), to form RBCs, for wool feathers hair and cartilage

Question 32

where sulfur can be obtained from

Answer 32

vitamins like biotin and thiamine (B vitamins), proteins w/ sulfur amino acids

Question 33

Fe is an important component of

Answer 33

hemoglobin (O2 carrier in RBCs) and myoglobin (O2 carrier in muscle)

Question 34

why piglets need Fe supplementation

Answer 34

most species get Fe from dam before birth, piglets are born iron deficient anemic (give injections or allow to eat dirt)

Question 35

which is absorbed better; animal or plant sources of Fe

Answer 35

Animal (ferrous/heme) (plant iron=ferric)

Question 36

vitamin that helps w Fe absorption

Answer 36

Vitamin C

Question 37

Fe deficiency can cause

Answer 37

anemia, lethargy, slow growth, pica

Question 38

excess Fe can cause

Answer 38

toxicities like storage disease (store too much of a mineral), hemochromatosis (too much Fe stored-> damage organs)

Question 39

what animals suseptible to hemochromatosis and why

Answer 39

birds and black rhinos; come from area of Fe deficient soil like africa and are thus veryh efficient Fe absorbers, feed them an Fe deficient diet to avoid

Question 40

what is Copper (Cu) needed for

Answer 40

form melanin pigment in skin/hair, production of hemoglobin, immune function, collagen formation

Question 41

Cu deficiency can cause

Answer 41

faded hair coat (melanin), anemia (hemoglobin)

Question 42

excess Cu can lead to | who is most sensitive

Answer 42

build up in liver of susceptible breeds (Bedlington terriers or dobermans), sheep v sensitive (also goats to a lesser extent)

Question 43

what manganese is needed for

Answer 43

enzyme systems, equilibrium, bone and cartilage development

Question 44

manganese deficiency common in

Answer 44

birds (rare in d/c) have higher Mn requirments

Question 45

breed of cat susceptible to Manganese toxicity

Answer 45

siamese

Question 46

what Cobalt (Co) is needed for

Answer 46

Vitamin B-12 synthesis (form=cyanocobalamine)

Question 47

where ruminants get Cobalt (Co)

Answer 47

made in rumen by microbes, absorbed in duodenum

Question 48

what is iodine needed for

Answer 48

make thyroid hormones (tri-iodothyronine T-3, tetra-iodothyronine T-4)

Question 49

too much or too little iodine can cause

Answer 49

goiter (enlarged thyroid)

Question 50

signs of hypothyroidism

Answer 50

lethargic, reproductive problems, skin disease, hair problems("rat tail" on dogs), mental retardation (cretinism), weight problems (hard to lose weight)

Question 51

hypothyroid most commonly seen in | hyper?

Answer 51

``` hypo= humans, dogs, horses hyper= humans, cats ```

Question 52

hyperthyroid is also called

Answer 52

graves disease

Question 53

signs of hyperthyroidism

Answer 53

hyperactive, nervous, weight loss, ravenous appetite, excessive urination, eyes bulge in humans (fat pad behind eyes affected)

Question 54

ways to treat hyperthyroidism

Answer 54

radioactive iodine (drawn to thyroid gland, destroys gland tissue), tapazole (blocks conversion of T-3 to T-4, prevents clinical signs), surgery

Question 55

why feeding kelp to pregnant mares was leading to foals being born with goiters

Answer 55

kelp rich in iodine, too much iodine

Question 56

what reptiles are most at risk for nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

Answer 56

juveniles that are rapidly growing and reproductively active females(laying eggs) (higher need for calcium)