Energy

Question 1

why we need energy

Answer 1

movement and temp regulation, drives metabolic reactions so nutrients can be used

Question 2

animals ___ to balance their energy needs

Answer 2

eat

Question 3

define 1 calorie

Answer 3

the amount of heat needed to raise the temp of water 1 degree celsius

Question 4

tool we use to measure the amount of calories in a substance

Answer 4

bomb calorimeter

Question 5

how a bombcalorimeter work to determine calorie number of a substance

Answer 5

substance burned, heats up water, how much the term increased(degrees C)= number of calories

Question 6

3 forms of energy used to meet animals energy needs

Answer 6

protein, carbs, fats

Question 7

which energy form gives us the most kcal/g (protein, carbs, or fats)

Answer 7

fats

Question 8

how many calories in kilocalorie

Answer 8

1000

Question 9

cats are (carnivores, omnivores, or herbivores) and get their energy mainly from which forms of energy

Answer 9

carniovres; energy mainly from protein and fat

Question 10

dogs are (carniores, omnivores, or herbivores) and get their energy mainly from which forms of energy

Answer 10

omnivores; carbs, proteins, and fats

Question 11

giving table scraps high in fat can lead to an increase or decrease in food consumption

Answer 11

decrease (diet becomes unbalanced)

Question 12

define gross energy (GE) and how we measure it

Answer 12

potential energy of food, measured in bombcalorimeter

Question 13

define digestible energy (DE) and how we calculate it

Answer 13

energy of food after the undigestable fraction is subtracted out; DE= GE (food)- GE (feces)
measure GEs in bombcalorimeter

Question 14

which is most accurate GE, DE, or ME(gross energy or digestible energy or metabolized energy)

Answer 14

ME

Question 15

define metabolized energy (ME)

Answer 15

energy of food that is digested, absorbed, and utilized by body

Question 16

how metabolized energy (ME) is calculated

Answer 16

energy after undigestible fractions (feces) and other waste products (urine) are subtracted out

Question 17

why we use ME (metabolized energy) when considering bird foods

Answer 17

birds produce urates (urine and feces together)

Question 18

what proteins are needed for in bodies

Answer 18

build, maintain, and repair tissues

also for energy production

Question 19

how many amino acids are dietary non-essential and dietary essential in dogs

Answer 19

non-13

essential-10

Question 20

what dietary essential and nondietary essential means

Answer 20

non- can be made from other things

essential- can not be made

Question 21

how many amino acids are dietary non-essential and dietary essential in cats
diff between dogs?

Answer 21

non- 12

essential- 11 (unlike dogs, need taurine)

Question 22

unlike dogs and cats, poultry need what 2 amino acids as essential amino acids, how many total?

Answer 22

glycerine and serine (12 essential amino acids total)

Question 23

how we measure amount of protein in something

Answer 23

all amino acids contain nitrogen, % nitrogen obtained w Kjeldahl technique,
crude protein%(CP)=%N x 6.25

Question 24

how the Kjeldahl technique is done to measure protein

Answer 24

mix sulfuric acid w a weighted sample, alkanized solution, nitrogen turns into ammonium, distilled and measured

Question 25

what constitutes a "high quality protein"

Answer 25

contains all dietary essential amino acids

Question 26

the better the biological value of a protein the ____ (smaller/larger) the amount needed to meet essential a.a. requirements

Answer 26

smaller

Question 27

which has more biological value, eggs or plant protein

Answer 27

eggs; have the best high biological value | plants lack essential amino acids

Question 28

formula to calculate digestible protein (DP)

Answer 28

DP= CP (food)- CP(feces) | crude protein

Question 29

proteins are broken down by what enzymes in the stomach and pancreas

Answer 29

stomach- pepsin | pancreas- trypsin

Question 30

anabolism v catabolism

Answer 30

anabolism- synthesis of tissue | catabolism- breakdown of tissue

Question 31

examples of anabolic steroids

Answer 31

testosterone, winstrol (both build muscle)

Question 32

examples of catabolic steroids

Answer 32

corticosteroids like prednisone

Question 33

what we give corticosteroids for

Answer 33

itch and allergies

Question 34

a lot of animal protein in a diet makes urine pH (higher or lower) plant protein makes urine pH (higher or lower)

Answer 34

animal protein- lower pH (acidic) ex:cats | plant protein- higher pH (alkaline) ex:horses

Question 35

a cat getting an animal protein/ plant protein diet can lead to what issues

Answer 35

increased urine pH resulting in FLUTD (feline lower urinary tract disease) acidic pH prevents bacteria in urinary tract

Question 36

FLUTD most common in what cats

Answer 36

overweight, neutered, indoor males

Question 37

ways to decrease cat urine pH (make more acidic)

Answer 37

give vitamin C(ascorbic acid), methionine (amino aid found in meat), or increase the meat in diet

Question 38

possible reasons why urine is causing lawn damage

Answer 38

pH is alkaline, urine is concentrated (not enough water), contains a lot of ammonia from protein breakdown

Question 39

why if an animal pees in a spot, the center of the grass is lush but the outer ring is dead

Answer 39

inside is fertilized by nitrogen in urine

Question 40

this amino acid is essential for mammals, esp important in high producing dairy cattle (why?)

Answer 40

methionine (needed for milk protein production)

Question 41

methionine is considered a limited amino acid in mammals (dairy cattle esp) why?

Answer 41

1st amino acid to run out

Question 42

taurine deficiency in cats can lead to what issues

Answer 42

vision problems (retina damages), reproduction problems, heart problems (cardiomyopathy)

Question 43

serum samples from FIV positive cats show a (increase/decrease) in tryptophan levels and a (increase/decrease) in kynurenine how do these 2 substances relate?

Answer 43

decreased tryptophan levels, increased kynurenine (a catabolite of tryptophan)

Question 44

how the "lawn rescue" medication works

Answer 44

lowers pH of urine via DL-methionine, brewers yeast (B vitamins), yucca, cranberry, etc.

Question 45

what is a novel protein

Answer 45

new to the animal, no previous exposure to it

Question 46

proteins that resist what are usually responsible for allergic reactions

Answer 46

proteins that resist heat of cooking, stomach acid, and intestinal digestive enzymes (cross the GI lining and enter bloodstream, go to organs)

Question 47

during the first exposure to an antigen, what happens

Answer 47

stimulates lymphocytes to produce antibodies specific to that antigen, antibodies attach to surface of mast cells

Question 48

what happens in body during the second exposure to allergen

Answer 48

allergens target the specific antibodies w/ mast cells, histamine and other chemicals are released from mast cell

Question 49

initial signs of food allergy

Answer 49

redness and swelling of mouth and throat

Question 50

signs of food allergy when food is being digested

Answer 50

v/d, nausea, abdominal pain | may be confused w food intolerance

Question 51

signs of food allergy when reaches bloodstream and skin

Answer 51

pruritis and uticaria (hives) | eosinophilic complex common in cats (uticaria + licking and itching)

Question 52

lactase deficiency is an examle of food allergy or food intolerance

Answer 52

food intolerance

Question 53

what "hypoallergenic diet" in food elimination trial means

Answer 53

a diet of foods the animal was not previously exposed to(not truly hypoallergenic) hydrolyzed protein diets are truly hypoallergenic

Question 54

what is a hydrolyzed protein diet

Answer 54

contain altered proteins reduced in size to make them less antigenic (not recognized by immune system)

Question 55

what to do once an animal on a novel protein diet no longer shows signs of allergies (after 8 weeks min)

Answer 55

specific food components reintroduced individually, add for 1-2 weeks, if no signs reoccur add next component

Question 56

what is a complete protein

Answer 56

has all essential amino acids (quinoa for humans)

Question 57

2 most commonly identified food allergies in dogs and cats

Answer 57

1 beef | 2 dairy