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Specialty Exam > Cardiac > Flashcards

Cardiac Flashcards

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1
Q

The sinoatrial node is located where and which cells are the main pacemaker?

A

Located in right atrium and P cells are the main pacemaker

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2
Q

Which abnormalities can lead to electrical alternans ?

A

Decreased calcium/K/Mg, amiodarone, HCM, CHF, TE

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3
Q

Which diseases can cause delayed repolarization and why is it bad?

A

Congenital (mutation of sodium or potassium channels) vs acquired (decreased Mg, K or Ça)

Can increase susceptibility to arrhythmia

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of A-fib ?

A

Absence of P wave, tachycardia and normal but irregular QRS

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5
Q

Which factors can cause vasodilation?

A

Adenosine, CO2, potassium, H+, histamine and NO

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6
Q

Which hormones are the most powerful for vasoconstriction?

A

Vasopressin > Angiotensin II > norepinephrine

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7
Q

Which ions causes vasoconstriction?

A

Calcium

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8
Q

Which nutrient does the heart consumes (as opposed to other systems)

A

Fatty acid instead of carbohydrates

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9
Q

Is calcium more present inside or outside the cell?

A

Extracellular

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10
Q

What happens at the neuromuscular junction?

A

Entry of calcium –> release Ach –> opens ions channels (Na,K, Ça) on post-synaptic membre –> action potential –> anticholinesterase destruct Ach –> résorbe choline

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11
Q

Which drugs can cause bradycardia?

A

Opioid, a2-agonist, B-adrenergic/calcium channel blockers (diltiazem, digoxin or sotalol)

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12
Q

What are the causes of sick sinus syndrome?

A

Mutation (in sodium channels or smooth muscles), fibrosis, dysfunction of ryanodine receptor)

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13
Q

What are the changes seen on ECG for atrial standstill and what is the treatment?

A

No P wave, only escape beats.

Ventricular pacemaker

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14
Q

Which treatment can be given for neurocardiogenic bradycardia mediated by cardiac C fibers?

A

Hyoscyamine/propantheline, theophylline (antagonist A1 adenosine receptor), terbutaline (acts on B1 receptor to increase parasympathetic tone) or isoproterenol (non selective B adrenergic receptors)

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15
Q

DCM is due to a mutation in which gene for which breed?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 in doberman

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16
Q

What can be heard on auscultation in DCM?

A

Low grade systolic left apical murmur with S3

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17
Q

Which disease is associated with a genetic deletion mutation in the 3’ untranslated region of striatin

A

ARVC

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18
Q

What are the 3 components of the virchow’s triad ?

A

Stasis, vessel wall injury and hypercoagulable state

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19
Q

Which change can be seen on radiographs with heartworm?

A

Enlarged caudal pulmonary artery

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20
Q

Do cats have evidence of microfilaria in HW disease?

A

No - 60% are not microfilaremic

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21
Q

What are the 2 ways to test for HW with ELISA?

A

Antigen that detects reproductive tract of adult female

Antibodies against L4 exposure

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22
Q

Which stage of the heartworm lives in mosquito?

23
Q

How long does it take for L4 to turn into adult heartworms? And how long before it produces off springs (L1)?

Study These Flashcards
A

2-3 months and 3-4 months

24
Q

Which intracellular gram - bacteria contribute to pulmonary and renal inflammation through the protein WSP ?

25
In which case is adulticide therapy contra-indicated in heartworm infection?
Cats | Caval syndrome
26
Which bacteria are the most common with endocarditis?
Staphylococcus, streptococcus and e.coli
27
Which valves are the most affected with endocarditis ?
Mitral (can lead to TE) and aortic (bounding pulses)
28
Which valve does Bartonella affects the most?
Aortic
29
What are the major and minor criteria to diagnose endocarditis? How many to you need for definitive diagnosis?
Major: vegetative lesion on echocardiogram, new valvular insufficiency, > 2 positive blood culture Minor criteria : fever, > 15 kg with mitral valve disease, TE, immune mediated disease Definitive- 2 major or 1 Major and 2 minors
30
What infection can lead to myocarditis in cats? dogs?
Cats - respiratory infection, toxoplasma Dogs: parvovirus, Chagas, Lyme, Bartonella
31
Which electrolyte abnormality can lead to atrial standstill?
Hyperkalemia
32
Which ECG abnormalities are seen with tricuspid valve dysplasia?
Splintered QRS and P pulmonale
33
Which congenital heart disease is the most common in cats ?
Ventricular septal defect
34
ADH acts on V2 receptor within the kidneys to cause water retention, but also affects the cardiovascular system by which way?
Reacts with V1A receptors and causes vasoconstriction and inotropic actions
35
Wall stress =
Pressure x radius (/2) x wall thickness
36
What are the ECG characteristics for torsade de pointe, possible causes and treatment?
ECG - R on T ventricular extrasystole Causes: hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, quinidine Treatment: magnesium
37
Are right bundle branch block pathological
Not pathological
38
Which characteristic is seen on ECG in patient with Wolff Parkinson white syndrome?
Delta wave (mountain 🏔️)
39
Which abnormalities of the pulses can be seen with the following congenital disease? - PDA - Subaortic stenosis - TVD/PS
- PDA : water hammer pulse - Subaortic stenosis: weak pulse - TVD/PS: jugular pulse
40
Which vessels are involved in PDA ?
Descending aorta and main pulmonary artery
41
Are male or female overrepresented in PDA?
Female
42
Where does the heart murmur from aortic stenosis can be hear?
Left base into carotid artery
43
Which congenital heart disease requires prophylactic antibiotics?
Aortic stenosis
44
Which medication can be use in case of severe subaortic stenosis?
Atenolol
45
Tight ventricular outflow obstruction, VSD and rightward position aorta Along with cyanosis are seen with which disease?
Tetralogy of fallot
46
Which radiographic change is seen with tetralogy of fallot?
Decrease pulmonary vasculature
47
Which cat breed is predisposed to HCM ?
Maine coons - mutation in cardiac MyBPC
48
Which anticoagulant can cause initial hypercoagulable state?
Warfarin because protein C levels fall prior to decrease in coagulation factors
49
Which hypertensive ocular lesion is the most common? Can recovery occur?
Retinal hemorrhage | Yes, if < 1 week
50
Dirofilaria results in which type of pneumopathy?
Restrictive
51
What are the possible treatment for VSD?
Pulmonary artery banding (cats: if Qp:Qs > 3 or CHF) Percutaneous transcatheter coil embolization (dogs)
52
Which vascular ring abnormality is the most common in dogs ?
Type I - PRAA and left ligamentum arteriosum
53
Which is the most common heart disease in dogs?
Pulmonary stenosis

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