Respiratory

Question 1

The surfactant is secreted by which cells ?

Answer 1

Type II alveolar cells

Question 2

Describe the following pulmonary capacities:

• inspiratory capacity
• functional residual capacity
• vital capacity
• total lung capacity

Answer 2

• inspiratory capacity
  Tidal + inspiratory reserve volume
• functional residual capacity
  Expiratory reserve + residual volume
• vital capacity
  Inspiratory reserve + tidal + expiratory reserve
• total lung capacity
  Maximal (vital capacity + residual volume)

Question 3

Which nerve mediates the cough reflex ? Sneeze reflex ?

Answer 3

Vagus

5th CN

Question 4

Low O2 concentration result in vasoconstriction or vasodilation of the vessels within the lungs ?

Answer 4

Vasoconstriction (opposite than systemic vessels)

Question 5

Rapidity of gas exchange depends on which 4 factors:

Answer 5

• thickness of the membrane
• surface area of the membrane
• diffusion coefficient
• partial pressure difference

Question 6

Hemoglobin saturation can decrease with which 4 process?

Answer 6

• Acidosis (increase H+)
• increase CO2
• increase temperature
• increase BPG

Question 7

How is CO2 transported?

Answer 7

• Dissolved
• bicarbonate (H+ combines with hemoglobin)
• plasma proteins

Question 8

Where are located the respiratory center?

Answer 8

Medulla oblongata

Pons

Question 9

What is the main signal for respiration in:

• the brain
• peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 9

increase CO2

Decrease O2

Question 10

Noise absent with the mouth open is defined as ______ and is associated with obstruction of which structures

Answer 10

Stertor

Nasopharyngeal or nasal

Question 11

Noise present with the mouth open or close is defined as ______ and is associated with obstruction of which structure

Answer 11

Strider

Larynx

Question 12

What is the blood gas equation? What does an elevated value mean?

Answer 12

A (alveolar) - a (arteriel) < 15 mmHg

Ventilation perfusion mismatched (pneumonia, CHF, TE) - improve with O2 (except TE)

Diffusion barrière (fibrosis) - improved with O2

L-R shunt (PDA, atelectasis, TE, marked pulmonary hypertension) - does not improve with O2

Question 13

Yellow green mucous with irregular polypoid nodules can be seen with which condition?

Which marker can be used?

Answer 13

Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy

Procollagen type III amino terminal

Question 14

Which recurrent signs can be seen with ciliary dyskinesia?

Answer 14

Nadal discharge, bronchopneumonia, otitis, reproductive disorder, renal fibrosis

Question 15

The abnormal and permanent dilation and distortion of subsegmental airways is named what?

Answer 15

Bronchiectasis

Question 16

What are the BAL cutoff for diagnosis bod asthma and chronic bronchitis in cats?

Answer 16

Asthma: > 17%

Chronic bronchitis: > 7%

Question 17

Which agent leads to necrotizing hemorrhagic pneumonia ?

Answer 17

Streptococcus equi zooiepidemicus

Question 18

Yersinia pestis can be seen in cats from which state?

Answer 18

Colorado

Infected through fleas, rabbits or rodent

Question 19

Which lobes are the most affected by aspiration pneumonia?

Answer 19

Right middle lung lobe > right cranial > caudal aspect of left cranial

Question 20

Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis can be caused by which agent ?

Answer 20

FIV

Question 21

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is caused by what?

Answer 21

Dysfunctional alveolar macrophages and impaired surfactant clearance

Question 22

Which medication can reduce lung injury seen with drowning?

Answer 22

Pentoxifyllin CRI

Question 23

What is the cutoff for pulmonary hypertension?

Answer 23

Tricuspid regurgitation with velocity > 2.8 m/s or > 31 mmHg

Pulmonary insufficiency > 2 m/s

Question 24

Effusion leads to which tidal changes?

Answer 24

Decreased total lung capacity and functional residual capacity

Question 25

The mediastinum communicates with the cervical soft tissue via ___________ and with the retroperitoneal space via _______. It contains the following structures:

Answer 25

Thoracic inlet Aortic hiatus Heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, thoracic LN, thoracic duct, vagus nerve, aorta and vena cava

Question 26

Which cells are seen with thymoma and not typically seen with mediastinal lymphoma?

Answer 26

Mast cells

Question 27

What is the best treatment for nasal cryptococcus in cats?

Answer 27

Fluconazole

Question 28

Endothelial injury is associated with which type of TE and which treatment can help? And for hypercoagulable state?

Answer 28

Endothelial injury = arterial = Clopidogrel Hypercoagulable state = venous = anticoagulant

Question 28

Endothelial injury is associated with which type of TE and which treatment can help? And for hypercoagulable state?

Answer 28

Endothelial injury = arterial = Clopidogrel Hypercoagulable state = venous = anticoagulant