Gastro-intestinal

Question 1

What are the main component of the bile? Which one increases with GB mucocele?

Answer 1

Taurocholic acid (70%)
Taurodeoxycholic acid (20%) - the one that increases with GB mucocele
Taurochenodeoxycholic acid (6%)

Question 2

What are the changes seen with GBM?

Answer 2

Increase leptin
Decreased motility
Increased fraction of taurodeoxycholic

Question 3

Where is the lesion located in reactive hepatopathy?

Answer 3

Portal area

Question 4

Which mutation is present (and can be tested) in Bedlington terrier that explains copper accumulation?

Answer 4

COMMD1

Question 5

Which stain for evaluation of copper ?

Answer 5

Rhodanine

Question 6

What is the intestinal pacemaker and what are the signals for depolarization?

Answer 6

Interstitial cells of cajal

• stretching
• acetycholine
• hormones

Question 7

What is the main component of the salivary glands?

Answer 7

High potassium and bicarbonate, low NaCl

serous (contains ptyalin to digest starches)

Mucous ( contains mucin for lubrication)

Question 8

Which nerves are damage is abnormal swallowing?

Answer 8

V, IX or X

Question 9

What can dogs synthesize from precursor in plants?

Answer 9

Taurine, arachidonic acid, and vitamin A

Question 10

Dogs have an obligation to conjugate bile acids with _____ and cannot synthesize ______

Answer 10

Taurine

Vitamin D

Question 11

Name the 4 fuels for exercise

Answer 11

1) creatine phosphate for ATP (seconds)
2) glycolysis
3) beta oxidation of fat
4) amino acids (gluconeogenesis)

Question 12

Which are the essentials protein and vitamin of cats?

Answer 12

Taurine and arginine

Vitamin D, A and niacin

Question 13

What is the primary fuel source of the GI epithelium?

Answer 13

Glutamine

Question 14

Where is the intrinsic factor produce in cats? Dogs?

Answer 14

Cats: pancreas

Dogs: pancreas and stomach (parietal cells)

Question 15

Which 2 minerals are needed for thyroid function?

Answer 15

Selenium

Iodine

Question 16

Hyperlipidemia can affect which systems?

Answer 16

Neurological, ophthalmic, renal, gastrointestinal, dermatologic (xanthomata)

Question 17

In which organs does the formation of vitamin D occur

Answer 17

Absorbed within SI by salt dependant passive diffusion – first hydroxylation within the liver – second within the kidneys

Question 18

Which nutrient/vitamin does leukocytes need ?

Answer 18

Glucose, glutamine, vitamin A and D, leptin

Question 19

Upon entry in the cells, glucose is ________ via _______ (liver) or ______ (other) into _________

Answer 19

Upon entry in the cells, glucose is PHOSPHORYLATED via GLUCOKINASE (liver) or HEXOKINASE (other) into glucose -6-phosphate

Question 20

Glucose is store in lover and muscle in the form of

Answer 20

Glycogen

Question 21

Adipose tissue store which nutrient and secretes which hormones?

Answer 21

Triglycerides

Leptin and adiponectin

Question 22

Nonessential amino acids can be synthesize in cells, but require which vitamin?

Answer 22

B6

Question 23

Which are the 3 forms of proteins and where are they form ?

Answer 23

1) albumin - liver
2) globulin - liver and lymphoid tissue
3) fibrinogen - liver

Question 24

What is the name of the molecule used as ATP buffer?

Answer 24

Phosphocreatine

Question 25

Diarrhea of SI is characterized by ___ while diarrhea of LI is characterized by ____

Answer 25

SI - large volume, few times a day LI - frequent with urgency and tenesmus

Question 26

Which marker is loss in feces of animals with PLze and may be more sensitive than albumin?

Answer 26

a1-protease

Question 27

Name a few ways of diagnosing dysautonomia?

Answer 27

- esophageal dilation / hypomotility - delayed gastric emptying - reduced tear production - atropine insensitive bradycardia - bladder and colonic distention

Question 28

What is the new test for EPI? What is the best food?

Answer 28

ELISA for fecal elastase Low fiber and moderate fat

Question 29

Bile acids are synthesized from. _____ and conjugated with ______

Answer 29

Chloesterol Amino acid - most taurine but sometimes glycine in dogs

Question 30

Which contrast agent is used to assess portal circulation ?

Answer 30

Technetium -99m pertechnetate

Question 31

Cooper accumulates in which area when it is secondary accumulation?

Answer 31

Periportal

Question 32

Which medication can be used for copper accumulation if concurrent IMHA?

Answer 32

Trientine

Question 33

Which infections cause hepatic necrosis?

Answer 33

Adenovirus-1 Herpesvirus in puppy Virulent calico virus Clostridium piliform

Question 34

Which are of the liver is primarily affected by drug induced hepatotoxicity?

Answer 34

Centrolubular because abundance of cytochrome p450

Question 35

Half life of ALT in cats ? Dogs ? And ALP?

Answer 35

ALT Dogs: 60 hours Cats: 6 hours ALP dogs: 70 hours Cats: 6 hours

Question 36

Chloestyramine can be used for treatment of which disease?

Answer 36

Enteric cyanotoxin

Question 37

What is the most common hepatic fungal infection?

Answer 37

Histoplasmosis

Question 38

Dogs with intrahepatic shunts are more at risk of which complication?

Answer 38

GI ulceration

Question 39

GGT is usually _____ with primary hepatic lipidosis?

Answer 39

Normal

Question 40

Which disease causes parakeratotic hyperkeratosis with edema and classic red, white and blue appearance on hematoxylin and eosin stained section of skin?

Answer 40

Superficial necrolytic dermatitis Zinc dermatosis

Question 41

Which treatment is specific for cats in acetaminophen toxicity?

Answer 41

Vitamin C

Question 42

Why are amanita mushrooms toxic?

Answer 42

Inhibits RNA polymerase --> arrest protein synthesis in intestines, hepatocytes and renal tubular cells

Question 43

An extensive paraneoplastic alopecia in cats can be seen in which cancer?

Answer 43

Exocrine pancreatic neoplasia

Question 44

Which electrolyte derangement is associated with negative prognostic indicator in cats with hepatic lipidosis?

Answer 44

Hypokalemia

Question 45

ALP is associated with which tissue?

Answer 45

``` Kidneys Liver Bone Placenta Intestines ```

Question 46

Which masticatory muscle contains 2 M fibers ?

Answer 46

Temporal Masseter Pterygoid

Question 47

Which diet should be used with esophageal reflux?

Answer 47

Low fat

Question 48

Low gastrin is seen with ______ and increased gastrin + pH < 3 is seen with ____

Answer 48

Low gastrin is seen with MAST CELLS / HYPERHISTAMINE and increased gastrin + pH < 3 is seen with GASTRINOMA

Question 49

What is the treatment for serotonin syndrome?

Answer 49

Cyproheptadine

Question 50

Intoxication resulting in inhibition of vitamin K depend factors - how to monitor?

Answer 50

Via PT as factor VII has the shortest half life and will be the first to decrease

Question 51

Intoxication with organophosphate inhibits acetylcholinesterase, resulting in the following clinical signs and can be treated with either of those medication

Answer 51

Clinical signs: SLUDGE (salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, GI upset and emesis) Antidote include atropine or 2- PAM

Question 52

How to reverse diazepam?

Answer 52

Flumazenil

Question 53

CNS dépression, ataxia, mydriasis , hypothermia, bradycardia, increase reactivity along with which 2 specific signs can be seen with THC intoxication?

Answer 53

Dogs: incontinence Cats: fly bitting

Question 54

Which are the 3 systems affected by Lily ingestion?

Answer 54

GI Renal CNS

Question 55

Which system are affected by cycads intoxication?

Answer 55

GI Hepatic CNS

Question 56

Castor beans results in which toxicosis?

Answer 56

Inactivate RNA - CNS, renal, hepatic and adrenal necrosis

Question 57

Garlic toxicosis results in which changes and what is the treatment?

Answer 57

Hemolysis and Heinz body Ascorbic acid

Question 58

Dosage of allopurinol, butorphanole, chloramphenicol, Doxorubicin, furosemide, lidocaine, metronidazole, phenobarbital, theophylline and vincristine should be reduced in dogs with dysfunction of which system?

Answer 58

Liver

Question 59

Doses of atenolol, benazepril, enalapril, enrofloxacin, famotidine, fluconazole, gabapentin, levetiracetam, metoclopramide, spironolactone and TMS should be reduced in animal with which system failure?

Answer 59

Renal

Question 60

What are the 4 forms of atresia ani?

Answer 60

I- congenital - fibrous ring at anal opening Ii - imperforate anus III- imperforate + cranial termination IV - discontinuity