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Drugs Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following hypoglycemic agents:

SULFONYLUREAS + MEGLITINODES

A

insulin secretion from pancreatic beta- cells

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2
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following hypoglycemic agents:.

Biguanides

A

Insulin sensitizing effects

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3
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following hypoglycemic agents:

Thiazolidinediomes

A

Improved insulin sensitivity + suppress hepatic glucose production

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4
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following hypoglycemic agents:

Alpha glucosidase inhibitor

A

Delay breakdown of complex carbohydrates

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5
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following anticoagulant agent

Clopidogrel

A

Block platelet aggregation

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6
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following anticoagulant:

Aspirin

A

Irreversible inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase (thromboxane A2)

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7
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following anticoagulant:

Warfarin

A

Vitamin K + protein C/S

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8
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following anticoagulant + monitoring:

Unfractionated heparin

A

Potentiation of AT activity

PTT

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9
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following anticoagulant + monitoring:

Low molecular weight heparin

A

Inhibits function of Xa

Monitor Xa activity

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10
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following anticoagulant:

Tissue plasminogen activator

A

Increase plasmin at site of clot = increase fibrinolysis

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11
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following immunosuppressive therapy and it’s effects

Glucocorticoids

A

Regulate gene expression
Inhibit chemotactic factors
Release arachidonic acids

Primary effects on T cells

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12
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following immunosuppressive therapy and it’s effects:

Azathioprine

A

Purine analogue –> inhibits synthesis of de novo purine

Acts mostly on lymphocytes and humoral immunity

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13
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following immunosuppressive therapy and it’s effects

Mycophenolate

A

Inhibits synthesis of purine (second generation) –> inhibits cytokine and growth factor

Blocks T cell progression from G1 to S
Block B cell proliferation

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14
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following immunosuppressive therapy and it’s effects:

Leflunomide

A

Inhibits novo pyrimidine synthesis during S phase –> Inhibits cytokine and growth factor, suppress lymphocyte proliferation

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15
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following immunosuppressive therapy and it’s effects

Cyclosporine

A

Calcuneurin inhibitor, which inhibits kinase and phosphatase by impeding calcium dependant transduction and cause disruption of maturation of T cells at G0-G1 phase

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16
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following immunosuppressive therapy and it’s effects

Tacrolimus

A

Calcuneurin inhibitor, which inhibits kinase and phosphatase by impeding calcium dependant transduction and cause disruption of maturation of T cells at G0-G1 phase

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17
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following immunosuppressive therapy and it’s effects

Cyclophosphamide

Also name a specific side effect

A

Alkylation of DNA during S phase –> suppress both T cell and antibodies production

Hemorrhagic cystitis

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18
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following GI therapy and it’s effects:

Famotidine

A

H2 receptor antagonist - binds histamine

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19
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following GI therapy and it’s effects:

Omeprazole

A

Proton pump inhibitor

Blocks H-K ATPase enzyme pump on apical surface of parietal cells

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20
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following GI therapy and it’s effects:

Misoprostol

A

Prostaglandin analog –> enhance gastric mucosal defense (bicarbonate, mucous and blood supply) + decrease proton pump

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21
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following GI therapy and it’s effects:

Sucralfate

A

Negative charge sulfate

Binds to positive molecules exposed in damage mucosa

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22
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following GI therapy and it’s effects:

Metoclopramide

A

Sérotoninergic (5-HT4 receptor)

Acts on pyloric antrum and duodenum : antiemetic

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23
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following GI therapy and it’s effects:

Cidapride

A

Sérotoninergic (5-HT4 receptor)

Acts on whole intestinal tract

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24
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of the following GI therapy and it’s effects:

Ranitidine

A 
Achesterase inhibitor (stimulate M3 receptor) + H2 antagonist
Whole GI
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25
Describe the mechanism of action of the following GI therapy and it's effects: Maropitant
NK1 antagonist | Block substance P
26
Describe the mechanism of action of the following GI therapy and it's effects: Ondansetron
5-HT3-antagonist | Block peripheral and central stimuli for vomiting
27
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its indication: Albendazole
Benzimidazole --> inhibits intestinal parasites microtubular function Pneumocystis, encephalitozoon, nematodes and protozoa
28
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents and its indication? Decoquinate
Hydroxyquinolone -- interfere with sporozoites stage Antiprotozoal, coccidio static (hepatozoon, sarcocystis, toxoplasmose, neospora)
29
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents and its indication? Fenbendazole
Benzimidazole --> inhibits intestinal parasites microtubular function Antiprotozoal and anthelmintic
30
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents ? Benazepril / enalapril
ACE inhibitor Decreases efferent glomerular resistance --> decreases GFR Note: benazepril has some hepatic elimination
31
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent? Telmisartan
Inhibits binding of angiotensin II to AT1 recepetors
32
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent? Furosemide
Loop diuretic that blocks Na/K/Cl
33
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent ? Hydrochlorothiazide
Diuretic that acts on distal and collecting tubule to block Na/Cl carrier
34
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent ? Nitroglycerine
Increase formation of NO / GMPc --> decrease preload (venodilation)
35
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent ? Spironolactone
Aldosterone receptor inhibitor that acts on collecting tubule
36
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent ? Pimobendan
Phosphodiesterase III inhibitor that has inotropic and vasodilation effects
37
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent? Amlodipine
Calcium chanel blockers that helps dilation of afferent renal arterioles (increases GFR)
38
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent? Sildenafil
Phosphodiesteras V inhibitor that causes vasodilation by increasing pulmonary cGMP (thus increases NO duration)
39
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent and its class and its indication? Diltiazem
Calcium channel blocker (Type 4) For supraventricular arrhythmia
40
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent and its class and its indication? Amiodarone
Potassium, sodium, calcium channels blocker and B-blocker (Type 1 and 4) Prolonged refractory period, which shows AV conduction --> Afib or Vfib
41
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent and its class and its indication? Atenolol
B-blocker (Type 2) Decrease HR and force of contraction (inotrope inhibitor) for supraventricular tachycardia (NOT if CHF)
42
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent and its class and its indication? Sotanolol
Potassium channel blocker, non-specific beta-blocker (type 3 and 2) prolonged refractory period - Ventricular tachycardia
43
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent and its class ? Mexiletine / lidocaine
Sodium chanel blocker (type 1)
44
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent and its indication ? Phenoxybenzamine
Non-selective a-blocker which results in decreased BP and reduce frequency of arrhythmia Main indication: pheochromocytome
45
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent ? Dobutamine
Stimulate B 1 receptor Indicated for hypotension and DCM
46
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent ? Hydralazine
Increase formation of NO in arteriole
47
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agent ? Phenylpropanolamine
A-agonist Help contraction of bladder neck
48
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its indication: Imidocarb
Diamidine that interfere with DNA Antiprotozoal - babesia, erhlichia
49
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its indication: Ponazuril/toltrazuril
Triazinon - anticoccidia for equine protozoal encephalitis, neospora, toxoplasmosis
50
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents: Clotrimazole - is it cidal or static
Imidazole - inhibit eorgosterol in fungal wall (static)
51
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its indication: Atovaquone
Hydroxynaphtpthoquinone which blocks cytochrome and inhibit ATP Indicated for pneumocytosis, babesia, toxoplasmosis
52
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its indication: Allopurinol
Purine analogue which interferes with RNA Indicated for leishmania, trypanosoma cruzi, urate stones
53
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its indication and side effect: Amphotericin B
Polyene antibiotic that binds to ergosterol that has a broad spectrum Nephrotoxic
54
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its side effect: Itraconazole
Triazole that blocks ergosterol synthesis (ianosterol 14a-demethylase) and disrupt fungal membrane Hepatotoxic Note: give with food
55
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its indication and side effect: Fluconazole
Triazole that blocks ergosterol synthesis (ianosterol 14a-demethylase) and disrupt fungal membrane Indication: cross BBB/prostate and ocular Hepatotoxic
56
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its side effect: Voriconazole
Triazole that blocks ergosterol synthesis (ianosterol 14a-demethylase) and disrupt fungal membrane Indication: greater potency Hepatotoxic and kill cats
57
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its side effect: Ketoconazole
Imidazole impairs ergosterol synthesis in fungal cell wall Indication: does not penetrate CNS. Hepatotoxic, GI, hypotrichiosis, cataracts
58
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its indication: Caspofungin
Echonocandins - inhibits formation of 1,3-B-d-glucans in fungal cell wall Aspergillosis only
59
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its indication and side effect: 5-flucytosine
Fluorinated pyrimidine that interferes with DNA replication and protein synthesis Indication: cryptococcus/candida for cats. Nephrotoxic, myelosuppression
60
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its indication and side effect: Meglumine antimoniate
Pentovalent atimonial that interferes with glycolysis Leishmania (with allopurinol) Can cause arrhythmia, hepatic/renal disease
61
Describe the mechanism of action of the following agents along with its indication and side effect: Terbinafine
Synthetic allylamin that inhibits ergosterol (via interference with squalene epoxidase)
62
For this antibiotic: Doxycycline ``` Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Static / cidal ```
``` Class - tetracycline Mechanism of action - inhibit bacterial protein sythesis Spectrum gram +, anaerobes Indication - UTI, prostatis, ... Static ```
63
For this antibiotic: meropenem ``` Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Static / cidal ```
``` Class - B-lactame Mechanism of action - interfere with wall synthesis Spectrum - cidal Indication - gram+/gram- anaerobes cidal ```
64
For this antibiotic: gentamicin ``` Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Side effects Static / cidal ```
``` Class - aminoglycoside Mechanism of action - binds to 30S ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis Spectrum - gram +/- NOT anaerobes Indication - combine with B-lactame Nephrotoxic and ototoxic cidal ```
65
For this antibiotic: streptomycin ``` Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Static / cidal ```
Class - aminoglycoside Mechanism of action - binds to 30S ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis Spectrum - gram +/- Indication - Brucella, plague, mycobacterium Nephrotoxic and ototoxic cidal
66
``` For this antibiotic: Tylosin Class Spectrum Indication Static / cidal ```
Class - Macrolide Spectrum gram+ and - Indication - mycoplasma and clostridium Static
67
For this antibiotic: TMS ``` Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Static / cidal ```
Class pyrimidine and sulfonamide Mechanism of action - block microbial synthesis of folic acid Spectrum - protozoa, gram+/gram-. NOT anaerobes Indication - prostatitis, pneumocystis, UTI cidal
68
For this antibiotic: rifampin ``` Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Static / cidal ```
``` Class - ansamycin Mechanism of action - inactivates DNA dependant RNA Spectrum - gram +/- Indication: bartonella and brucella mostly cidal ```
69
For this antibiotic: pradofloxacin ``` Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Static / cidal ```
``` Class - quinolone Mechanism of action - inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase Spectrum - gram- and some anaerobe Indication - wound, UTI, URI Cidal ```
70
For this antibiotic: marbofloxacin ``` Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Static / cidal ```
Class - quinolone Mechanism of action - inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase Spectrum - gram- and some anaerobe Indication - UTI, prostatitis, respiratory Cidal
71
For this antibiotic: enrofloxacin ``` Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Static / cidal ```
Class - quinolone Mechanism of action - inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase Spectrum - gram- aerobic Indication - UTI, prostatitis, respiratory Cidal
72
For this antibiotic: clindamycin ``` Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Static / cidal ```
``` Class - lincosamide Mechanism of action - binds to 50S ribosome (inhibit protein sythesis) Spectrum gram + anaerobes Indication - abscess, toxoplasmosis Static ```
73
For this antibiotic: chloramphenicol ``` Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Static / cidal ```
Class - acetamide Mechanism of action - binds to 50S ribosome (inhibit protein synthesis) Spectrum gram + and -, anaerobe, rickettsia Indication - chronic rhinitis, pneumonia, pyothorax Static
74
For this antibiotic: amikacin ``` Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Side effects Static / cidal ```
Class - aminoglycoside Mechanism of action - interfere with wall synthesis Spectrum - gram + (staph) and gram - Indication - pseudomonas, NOT anaerobes Side effects - nephrotoxic (worst in cats), ototoxic cidal
75
For this antibiotic: erythromycin ``` Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Side effects Static / cidal ```
Class - macrolide Mechanism of action - binds to 50S ribosome (inhibit protein synthesis) Spectrum - gram + and anaerobes Indication - GI, skin, respiratory, soft tissue Side effects - hepatic dose Static
76
For this antibiotic: metronidazole ``` Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Static / cidal ```
Class- nitroimidazole Mechanism of action - prevent DNA synthesis Spectrum - a - nitronaerobe Indication also anti-protozoal
77
For this antibiotic: penicillin G Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Static / cidal
Class - benzylpenicillin Mechanism of action inhibit cell wall synthesis Spectrum not enterococcus or staph with B-lactamase Cidal
78
For this antibiotic: azithromycin ``` Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Static / cidal ```
Class - macrolide Mechanism of action - inhibit RNA protein Spectrum - gram +/- anaerobes Indication - crypto, toxoplasmosis, babesia, lyme, mycobacterium Static
79
For this antibiotic: Nitrofurantoin Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Static / cidal
Mechanism of action - inhibit carbohydrate metabolism and cell wall Spectrum gram + and - (NOT PROTEUS) Indication - UTI Static + cidal
80
For this antibiotic: amoxicillin ``` Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Static / cidal ```
``` Class - tetracycline Mechanism of action - inhibit bacterial wall synthesis Spectrum - gram+/- Indication - borellia, lepto Cidal ```
81
For this antibiotic: cefazolin Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Static / cidal
Class - 3rd generation cephalosporine Mechanism of action - inhibit bacterial wall synthesis Spectrum - gram + NOT anaerobes Cidal
82
For this antibiotic: cefpodoxime ``` Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Static / cidal ```
``` Class - 3rd generation cephalosporine Mechanism of action - inhibit bacterial wall synthesis Spectrum - gram + and - Indication: URI, UTI, pyoderma, otitis Cidal ```
83
For this antibiotic: ceftazidine ``` Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Static / cidal ```
``` Class - 3rd generation cephalosporine Mechanism of action - inhibit bacterial wall synthesis Spectrum - anaerobes Indication: pseudomonas Cidal ```
84
For this antibiotic: Cephalexin ``` Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Static / cidal ```
Class - 1st generation cephalosporine Mechanism of action - inhibit bacterial wall synthesis Spectrum - gram + and -, NOT enterococcus Indication: UTI, pyoderma, pneumonia Cidal
85
``` For this antibiotic: Cefovecin Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Static / cidal ```
Class - 3rd generation cephalosporine Mechanism of action - inhibit bacterial wall synthesis Spectrum - variable, not pseudomonas or bordetella Indication: skin Cidal
86
For this antiviral: acyclovir ``` Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Side effect ```
``` Class - guanosine analogue Mechanism of action - interfere with DNA replication Spectrum - most, including CNS Indication - Herpesvirus Side effect - Nephrotoxic ```
87
For this antiviral: INF-a ``` Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Side effect ```
``` Class - cytokine Mechanism of action - prevent assembly of mature virions Spectrum - local or systemic Indication - FeLV, herpesvirus Side effect allergic reaction ```
88
For this antiviral: Lysine ``` Class Mechanism of action Spectrum Indication Side effect ```
Class cytokine Mechanism of action - interfere with arginine use by FHV-1 Spectrum - herpesvirus Side effect - hepatic insufficiency
89
For this medication: gabapentin Mechanism of action Metabolized
Mechanism of action - acid-y-aminobutyrique that inhibits voltage calcium channels Metabolized - liver
90
For this medication: Levetiracetam Mechanism of action Metabolized
Mechanism of action - stabilize presynaptic vesicles V2 | Metabolized - kidney
91
For this medication: zonisamide Mechanism of action Metabolized
Mechanism of action - blocks T-type and voltage sodium channels Metabolized - liver
92
For this medication: phenobarbital Mechanism of action Metabolized
Mechanism of action - barbiturate that increases Cl- channels (via GABA) Metabolized - liver
93
For this medication: diazepam Mechanism of action Metabolized
Mechanism of action - GABA agonist that causes hyperpolarization of neurons via influx of Cl- ions Metabolized - liver
94
For this medication: potassium bromide Mechanism of action Metabolized
Mechanism of action - hyperpolarization of neurons via influx of Cl- ions Metabolized - cats with die of pneumonitis
95
For the following chemotherapy agent, says which is the class, the effects, the phase, the indication and side effects Cyclophosphamide
Class: Alkylating agent Effect: Cross-link DNA Phase: S + G1 + G2 + M Indication: Metastatic carcinoma Side effects: Hemorrhagic cystitis
96
For the following chemotherapy agent, says which is the class, the effects, the phase, the indication and side effects Chlorambucil
Class: Alkylating agent Effect: Cross-link DNA Phase: S + G1 + G2 + M Indication: Leukemia, lymphoma, MCT Side effects: Also toxic for resting cells
97
For the following chemotherapy agent, says which is the class, the effects, the phase, and the indication Melphalan
Class: Alkalyting agent Effect: Cross-link DNA Phase: S + G1 + G2 + M Indication: Multiple myeloma
98
For the following chemotherapy agent, says which is the class, the effects, the phase, the indication and side effects Lomustine
Class: Alkalyting agent Effect: Cross-link DNA Phase: S + G1 + G2 + M Indication: Histiocytic sarcoma Side effects: Hepatotoxic, can lead to pulmonary fibrosis in cats
99
For the following chemotherapy agent, says which is the class, the effects, the phase, the indication and side effects Doxorubicin
Class: Anthracycline Effect: DNA intercalation (topoisomerases) Phase: S+M Indication: HSA Side effects: Cardiac (dogs), renal (cats). Care with extravasation
100
For the following chemotherapy agent, says which is the class, the effects, and phase Mitoxantrome
Class: Antracycline Effect: DNA intercalation (topoisomerase) Phase: S+M
101
For the following chemotherapy agent, says which is the class, the effects, and the phase and the side effect Bleomycin
Class: Antracycline Effect: DNA intercalation (topoisometase) Phase: S+M Side effects: pulmonary fibrosis
102
For the following chemotherapy agent, says which is the class, the effects, the phase, the indication and side effects Vincristine/vinblastine/vinorelbine
Class: Alkaloid Effect: mitotic inhibitor Phase: M Indication: Lymphoma Side effects: peripheral neuropathy, risk with extravasation
103
For the following chemotherapy agent, says which is the class, the effects, the phase, the indication Cisplatin
Class: Platinum compound Effect: mitotic inhibitor Phase: M Indication: Fatal pulmonary edema in cats
104
For the following chemotherapy agent, says which is the class, the effects, the indication and side effects Toceranib
Class: Tyrosine kinase inhibitor Effect: competition for ATP binding Indication: MCT (especially with c-kit), sarcoma, carcinoma, melanoma, myeloma Side effects: PLN, pancreatitis
105
What is the mechanism of action of methimazole
Block peroxidase enzyme
106
What are the 3 major cells of the langerhans islets and what do they secrete ?
Alpha: glucagon Beta: insulin and amylin Delta: somatostatin

Specialty Exam (11 decks)

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