Hemato-oncology Flashcards
(73 cards)
1
Q
Which are the main intracellular ions ?
A
Potassium, phosphate and magnesium
2
Q
Which enzyme initiate apoptosis?
A
Caspases
3
Q
Production of red blood cells is control by what?
A
IL-3
Hypoxia inducible factor 1
EPO (90% kidneys and 10% liver)
4
Q
B lymphocytes are associated with humoral or cell mediated immunit
A
Humoral
5
Q
Recovery of inflammation occurs via which type of macrophages?
A
M2
6
Q
Which CD regulates humoral (B cell) immunity?
A
CD21
7
Q
Which immune cells do those different LN layers secrete ?
Peripheral cortex
Paracortex
Central medulla
A
Peripheral cortex - B cells
Paracortex - T cells
Central medulla - plasma cells, macrophages and memory T cells
8
Q
CD4 and CD8 are respectively associated with which type of immunity?
A
CD4 - T helper (MCH II)
CD8 - cytotoxic T cells (MCH I)
9
Q
What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?
A
Natural killer
T
B
10
Q
Live vaccine leads to which type of immunity?
A
Th1
11
Q
Which cellular defense is the most important for destruction of spontaneous tumors ?
A
NK
12
Q
What are the diagnostic criteria for multiple myeloma?
A
At least 2 of the following:
Osteolysis
Cluster of plasma cells in bone marrow
Monoclonal gammopathy
Bence Jones proteinuria
13
Q
Protein C inhibits which coagulation factors?
A
V and VIII
14
Q
NO and PGI2 have pro or anti coagulation properties?
A
Anti
15
Q
When is the drug nadir for carboplatin in dogs vs cats ? For lomustine?
A
Carboplatin
Dogs 7-14 days and cats 7-21 days
Lomustine - 7-28 days
16
Q
Which chemo drugs should not be given in cats?
A
Cisplatin: fatal pulmonary edema
5-flurouracil: fatal neurotoxicity
17
Q
Which Ig is most commonly associated with multiple myeloma?
A
G (80% in cats)
18
Q
What is the difference between curative protocol and palliative protocol?
A
Curative : large number or low dose. Acute side effects
Palliative: small number of high dose. Risk of late toxicity
19
Q
Which mutation in dogs and in cats can lead to more pronounce side effects from chemotherapy?
A
MDR-1 in dogs
ABCB1-delta in cats
20
Q
What is Bowen disease?
A
Multicentric SCC
21
Q
Are plasma cells tumor in cats more bening or aggressive?
A
Agressive as usually systemic
22
Q
What are the round cells tumors?
A
Lymphoma, mast cell, plasmacytoma, histiocytoma, TVT
23
Q
Where is the most common location of the most common axial cancer in cats?
A
OSA of Skull and pelvis
24
Q
Which is the most common metastatic bone cancee?
A
Cats :. From lungs
Dogs: TCC
25
Which is the most common neoplasia of kidneys in dogs? Cats?
Dogs: carcinoma
Cat: lymphoma
26
Which is the most common uterine cancer in dogs? Cats?
Dogs: leiomyoma
Cats: adenocarcinoma
27
Most immune mediated disease are through Th1 or Th2?
Th2
28
Which coagulation factor does those contain?
FFP
Cryoprecipitate
Plasma
FFP - all
Cryoprecipitate - VIII and XIII, vW and fibrinogen
Plasma - vitamin K
29
How long does it take for release of red blood cells?
2-5 days
30
Polycythemia Vera is associated with which mutatio
JAK 2
31
In ITP, to which receptor do antibodies binds to?
Fibrinogen receptor GPIIb/IIIa
32
Depletion of high molecular weight vW factor can be associated with which disease?
Type 2 hereditary disease (German pointer)
MVD
Aortic stenosis
33
What is the hereditary transmission of pelger-huet?
Autosomal dominant
34
Which protozoal can be found in macrophages?
```
Neospora
Toxoplasma
Cytauxzoon
Leishmania
Hepatozoon
```
35
What are the criteria for diagnosis of SLE?
2 separate manifestation of autoimmunity with positive ANA
| 3 manifestation of autoimmunity
36
What is the most common ocular neoplasia in cats?
Melanoma
37
Use of cryoprecipitate can be done to help manage/ prevent which diseases?
Hemophilia A
| vW factor
38
Primary hemostatic function in dogs with acute kidney injury, JVIM, 2019, McBride
Dogs with AKI had:
Dogs with AKI had:
- Lower PCV
- Higher platelets
- Lower collagen-activated platelet aggregometry
- Type 2 vW
39
In vitro Inhibition of Canine Complement-Mediated Hemolysis, JVIM, 2018, Hernandez
Human C1-INH is a robust inhibitor of canine complement-mediated hemolysis, whereas compstatin was minimally and variably effective
40
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Plasma from Dogs with Immunemediated Hemolytic Anemia, JVIM, 2018
- cell free DNA
- his DNA
- Histone H3
- cell free DNA above reference interval in 17%
- hisDNA above reference interval in 94%
- Western blot for citrullinated histone H3 identified detectable bands in 84%
41
Regional Citrate Anticoagulation for Intermittent Hemodialysis in Dogs, JVIM, 2018
Regional citrate anticoagulation allows safe and efficient heparin-free hemodialysis in dogs at risk of bleeding but may decrease iCa and result in metabolic deragement
42
Effects of immunosuppressive agents on the hemostatic system in (8) healthy dogs. JVIM 2018. Thomason
Prednisone
Cyclosporine
Azathioprine /mycophenolate
Leflunomide
Prednisone
Shortens PT
Cyclosporine
Normal function test (might not influence)
Azathioprine/ mycophenolate: no effect
```
Leflunomide
antithrombotic (decreased platelet function test)
```
43
Relationship between cobalamin and folate deficiencies and anemia in dogs”. Stanley. JVIM 2018
No relationship between cobalamin or folate and hematologic parameters
44
Detection of naturally occurring alloantibodies by an in-clinic antiglobulin-enhanced and standard crossmatch gel column test in non-transfused domestic short hairs”. Goy-Thollot. JVIM 2018
Blood type
Incompatibilities
Blood type
- 69% A - had either no or weak anti-B antibodies
- 27% type B - ad strong anti-A alloantibodies
- 4% AB
Incompatibilities 2.2% outside expected AB mismatch
45
Prevalence of naturally occurring non-AB blood type incompatibilities in cats and influence of crossmatch on transfusion outcomes”. McClosky. JVIM 2018
Prevalence of major crossmatch incompatibilities
21% had crossmatch incompatibility (did not affect outcome)
* 15% naive cats had some degree of incompatibility
Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction were most common, especially if stored
46
Use of therapeutic plasma exchange to treat non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug overdose in dogs”. Rosenthal. JVIM 2018
Adverse reaction
Adverse reaction in 55%
| 27% bleeding (higher if hypernatremia at presentation), 18% clot formation, 9% hypotension
47
Effects of 6% tetrastarch or LRS on blood coagulation in hemorrhaged dogs”. Diniz. JVIM 2018
TS induced a transient (2-4 hours) hypocoagulable state but does not increase the risk of bleeding compared to LRS
48
Influence of canine donor plasma hemostatic protein concentration on quality of cryoprecipitate”. Drinkhouse. JVIM 2018
Preplasma vs cryo
Greyhound
Factor VIII
1) Canine donor’s plasma concentrations of vWF, factor VIII, & fibrinogen are associated with their respective CRYO content (prescreen)
2) CRYO from greyhounds did not differ from other breeds in meeting minimum human blood bank standards for protein concentrations
3) There is variable recovery of factor VIII
49
Glutathione Peroxidase Activity, Plasma Total Antioxidant Capacity, and Urinary F2- Isoprostanes as Markers of Oxidative Stress in Anemic Dogs
Glutathione decreased in anemic dogs (indicate oxidative stress)
50
Retrospective Study on the Safety and Efficacy of Leflunomide in Dogs, JVIM, 2017, Sato
Adverse effects
Efficacy
Conclusion
Adverse effect is dose dependant
- Diarrhea (3.3%), lethargy (2%), hemorrhage (3%), thrombocytopenia (6.5%), elevated liver enzymes (6%)
Efficacy - 70%
Conclusion - starting dose 2mg/kg/d
51
Blood Transfusions in Dogs and Cats Receiving Hemodialysis: 230 Cases (June 1997–September 2012), JVIM, 2017, Langston
Prevalence
- risk factor
Outcome
Cats: 87%
Number of dialysis treatment influenced the need for transfusion
Dogs:32%
Associated with death
52
Cell-Free DNA and DNase Activity in Dogs with Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia, JVIM, 2017, Jeffrey
cell-free DNA higher
| DNase not different
53
Effects of Leukoreduction and Storage on Erythrocyte Phosphatidylserine Expression and Eicosanoid Concentrations in Units of Canine Packed Red Blood Cells, JVIM, 2017
Leukoreduction, storage, and simulated transfusion do not alter erythrocyte PS expression.
Leukoreduction causes an immediate but not-lasting increase in concentrations of TXB2 and PGF2a
Leukoreduction does not decrease the accumulation of 6-keto-PGF1a during storage.
54
Factors Affecting Platelet Concentration in Platelet Concentrates from Canine Blood Donors, JVIM, 2017
Platelet concentration associated with predonation CBC, lipemic index and phosphorous levels
55
Hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds and its Association with Hypofolatemia and Other Clinicopathologic Variables, JVIM, 2017, Heilmann
Hypofolatemia
Hyperhoomcysteinemia
Hypofolatemia
41% (associated with low B12)
Hyper-homocysteinemia
68% (associated with low folate)
56
Immunophenotype of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Dogs with Inflammatory Bowel Disease, JVIM, 2017, Galler
IBD had decreased TCRcd+ T lymphocytes and CD21 + B cells
57
Hereditary methemoglobinemia caused by cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency can be treated with what?
Methylene Blue
58
Opportunistic Invasive Cutaneous Fungal Infections Associated with Administration of Cyclosporine to Dogs with Immune-mediated Disease, JVIM, 2017, McAtee
Prevalence and risk factors
13% and were greater in male dogs receiving cyclosporine
59
Prevalence of Vector-Borne Pathogens in Southern California Dogs With Clinical and Laboratory Abnormalities Consistent With Immune-Mediated Disease, JVIM, 2017, Kidd
Prevalence of exposure or infection
Testing
33% (Ehrlichia, Babesia)
Serology and PCR increased detection in 30% of cases
60
Serum Thymidine Kinase 1, Canine‐C‐Reactive Protein, Haptoglobin, and Vitamin D Concentrations in Dogs with Immune‐Mediated Hemolytic Anemia, Thrombocytopenia, and Polyarthropathy, JVIM, 2017, Grobman
TK1
CRP
Vitamin D
TK1
Decreased with well controlled IMHA
CRP
Decreased with well controlled IMHA but not sensitive for IMPA (13%)
Vitamin D
92% had low vitamin D regardless of disease control
61
Thrombocytosis in 715 Dogs (2011–2015), JVIM, 2017, Woolcock
Incidence
Causes
Incidence 7%
Causes:
- 56% neoplasia (50% carcinoma, mostly TCC, 35% round cells, mostly lymphoma and sarcoma 12%)
- Inflammatory (47%)
immune-mediated (22%), renal/urinary (19%)
- Endocrine 12% (50% HAC)
62
Stored Canine Whole Blood Units: What is the Real Risk of Bacterial Contamination?, JVIM, 2016, Miglio
Culture
PCR
Culture positive in 2/49 (enterococcus, E.coli)
PCR positive 29/49
63
Survey of Two New (Kai 1 and Kai 2) and Other Blood Groups in Dogs of North America, JVIM, 2016, Euler
DEA 1+
Kai
DEA 1+
60%
Kai
1+/2- 94%
1-/2- 5%
1-/2+ 1%
64
Effects of Cyclosporine and Aspirin on Platelet Function in Normal Dogs, JVIM, 2016,
Low-dose aspirin inhibits cyclosporine-induced thromboxane synthesis, and concurrent use of these medications does not alter the antiplatelet effects of aspirin.
65
Effect of Synthetic Colloid Administration on Coagulation in Healthy Dogs and Dogs with Systemic Inflammation, JVIM, 2015, Gauthier
Tetrastarch bolus administration to dogs with systemic inflammation resulted in a transient hypocoagulability characterized by a prolonged APT time, decreased clot formation speed and clot strength, and acquired type 1 von Willebrand disease
66
Evaluation of Iron Deficiency Using Reticulocyte Indices in Dogs Enrolled in a Blood Donor Program
Lower
Higher
In dogs donating:
- Lower PCV, HCT, reticulocyte count, reticulocytes MCV, reticulocyte hemoglobin content
- Higher TIBC
= iron deficient erythropoiesis
67
Predicting Outcome in dogs with Primary Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia: Results of a Multicenter Case Registry, JVIM, 2015, Goggs
Presentation
Outcome
Decreased survival
female springer spaniel and cocker spaniels
70% were alived 30 days post diagnostic
Decreased survival
- CHAOS > 3
- Model with SIRS + ASA classification, ALT, bilirubin, urea and creatinine
- ASA > 3, bilirubin, urea, creatinine,
68
Procoagulant Microparticles in Dogs with Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia, JVIM, 2015, Kidd
PS+MP PCAa nd TF+MP PCA were increased
69
Demographic characteristics, survival and prognostic factors for mortality in cats with primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, 2015, Swann
Presentation
Blood work
Prognostics
Primary IMHA
Presentation
4 y/o Siamese
Prognostics
Die more if high bilirubin and older
Live more if high lymphocytes and globulin
Primary IMHA
- Younger
- Higher lymphocyte
- Persistent agglutination and ghost cells
Secondary
Lower albumin
70
What is the main reservoir of potassium? Magnesium?
K- Skeletal muscle
Mg-bone
71
Which electrolyte derangement can lead to impairment of renal tubules to ADH ?
Hypokalemia
72
What is the chemotherapy for thyroid carcinoma ?
Cisplatin
73
Which clinical signs should prompt biopsies of a mass at injection site?
Persist for longer than 3 months
Larger than 2 cm
Increasing in size 1 month post injection
