Cardiac cycle

Question 1

Whats is PQRST in an ECG

Answer 1

P = atrial depolarisation
Q = depolarisation of septum towards base
R = depolarisation of septum towards apex
S = depolarisation of ventricles towards base
T = repolarisation of ventricles

Question 2

What is the dicrotic notch?

Answer 2

A notch in the graph of aortic pressure, caused by the aortic valve closing at the end of systole

Question 3

How would you see if jugular venous pressure is high?

Answer 3

Tilt the patient at 45* and look at the manubriosternal angle and if the jugular vein is inflated at more than 3cm above that point then the JVP is high

Question 4

What causes the lub and dup sounds in a heartbeat?

Answer 4

The first is the closing of the AV valves and the second is the closing of the pulmonary/aortic valves

Question 5

What can cause diastolic murmurs

Answer 5

Mitral stenosis and aortic incompetence

Question 6

What can cause systolic murmurs

Answer 6

Mitral incompetence and aortic stenosis