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Med Surg1 Exam 3 > Cardiac Lecture > Flashcards

Cardiac Lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the right atrium receive venous blood from?

A
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Coronary sinus

These structures are essential for returning deoxygenated blood to the heart.

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2
Q

Describe the blood flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle.

A

Blood flows from right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle

This pathway is crucial for directing blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

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3
Q

What happens during the contraction of the right ventricle?

A

Right ventricle pumps blood through pulmonic valve → left pulmonary artery → left lung and right pulmonary artery → right lung

This process is essential for oxygenating blood before it returns to the heart.

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4
Q

What does the left atrium receive oxygenated blood from?

A
  • Left pulmonary veins
  • Right pulmonary veins

These veins carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart.

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5
Q

Describe the blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

A

Blood flows from left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle

This pathway is important for delivering oxygenated blood to the body.

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6
Q

What does the left ventricle do with oxygenated blood?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood out through the aorta to the rest of the body

The left ventricle is crucial for systemic circulation.

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7
Q

Why is understanding the cardiac blood flow significant?

A

It is critical when studying coronary artery disease

Knowledge of blood flow helps in understanding how diseases affect heart function.

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8
Q

What is the blood supply for the myocardium?

A

Coronary circulation

The myocardium relies on its own specialized blood supply.

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9
Q

When does blood flow to coronary arteries primarily occur?

A

During diastole

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10
Q

What artery branches off from the aorta to supply the left side of the heart?

A

Left Coronary Artery

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11
Q

What are the two branches of the Left Coronary Artery?

A
  • Left anterior descending (LAD)
  • Left circumflex artery
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12
Q

Which areas are supplied by the Left Coronary Artery?

A
  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle
  • Left interventricular septum
  • Portion of the right ventricle
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13
Q

What artery supplies the right side of the heart?

A

Right Coronary Artery

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14
Q

What areas are supplied by the Right Coronary Artery?

A
  • Right atrium
  • Right ventricle
  • Posterior wall of left ventricle
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15
Q

In approximately what percentage of people does the right coronary artery supply the AV node and bundle of His?

A

~90%

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16
Q

What can obstruction of the right coronary artery lead to?

A

Serious conduction defects

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17
Q

How do coronary veins relate to coronary arteries?

A

They run parallel to coronary arteries

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18
Q

Where does most blood from coronary veins drain into?

A

Coronary sinus

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19
Q

Where does the coronary sinus empty its blood?

A

Right atrium (near inferior vena cava)

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20
Q

What is the primary function of cardiac valves?

A

Ensure unidirectional blood flow and prevent regurgitation

Cardiac valves play a crucial role in maintaining proper blood flow through the heart’s chambers.

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21
Q

What are the names of the AV valves?

A

Tricuspid (right) and Mitral (left) valves

AV valves separate the atria from the ventricles.

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22
Q

What are chordae tendineae?

A

Thin fibrous strands that attach cusps of valves to papillary muscles

They prevent the eversion of leaflets during ventricular contraction.

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23
Q

What is the role of papillary muscles in heart function?

A

Anchor chordae tendineae to prevent eversion of valve leaflets

Papillary muscles contract to help keep the valves closed during ventricular systole.

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24
Q

What occurs as blood moves from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

A

Leaflets close to prevent backflow into the atrium

This is an example of the function of cardiac valves.

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25
What does depolarization trigger in the heart?
Mechanical activity ## Footnote Depolarization is essential for the contraction of heart muscle.
26
Define systole.
Contraction of myocardium that ejects blood from ventricles ## Footnote Systole is the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle contracts.
27
Define diastole.
Relaxation of myocardium allowing ventricles to fill with blood ## Footnote Diastole is the phase of the heartbeat when the heart muscle relaxes.
28
What is stroke volume (SV)?
Amount of blood ejected from ventricle with each heartbeat ## Footnote Stroke volume is a key indicator of heart performance.
29
What is cardiac output (CO)?
Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute ## Footnote Cardiac output is a critical measure of heart function.
30
What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?
CO = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume ## Footnote This formula helps determine the efficiency of the heart.
31
What is the normal range for cardiac output?
4–8 L/min ## Footnote Cardiac output varies based on factors like activity level and health status.
32
Define mean arterial pressure (MAP).
Average pressure during systole and diastole ## Footnote MAP is crucial for assessing the perfusion of organs.
33
What does mean arterial pressure reflect?
Pressure needed for adequate organ perfusion ## Footnote MAP is often considered more accurate than just systolic or diastolic pressures.
34
What factors influence mean arterial pressure?
* Cardiac output (CO) * Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) ## Footnote Both factors are essential in determining overall blood pressure.
35
What is the target range for mean arterial pressure to ensure adequate perfusion?
60 to 70 mm Hg ## Footnote Maintaining this range is critical for organ health.
36
What primarily controls Heart Rate (HR)?
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) ## Footnote The ANS has two branches: sympathetic and parasympathetic, which modulate heart rate.
37
What is the maximum temporary heart rate in healthy individuals?
Up to 180 bpm ## Footnote This elevation is considered safe for short durations.
38
Is short-term elevation of heart rate harmful in a healthy heart?
No ## Footnote Short-term elevations are not harmful if the heart is healthy.
39
What is the formula for Stroke Volume (SV)?
Amount of blood ejected from the ventricle with each heartbeat ## Footnote SV is a key component of cardiac output.
40
List the three main factors affecting Stroke Volume (SV).
* Preload * Contractility * Afterload
41
What factor influences cardiac output (CO) alongside HR and SV?
Any change in HR or SV affects CO ## Footnote Cardiac output is a product of heart rate and stroke volume.
42
How do baroreceptors and chemoreceptors adjust cardiac output?
By adjusting sympathetic/parasympathetic activity ## Footnote These receptors are sensitive to blood pressure and chemical changes in the blood.
43
How does low perfusion affect the kidneys and cardiac output?
Triggers sodium/water retention and vasoconstriction, increasing preload and afterload ## Footnote This response is part of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS).
44
What hormones increase blood pressure and heart rate?
* Catecholamines * Vasopressin * Endothelin
45
How do emotions and exercise affect heart rate?
Stimulate sympathetic activity, raising BP and HR ## Footnote Emotional stress and physical activity both activate the sympathetic nervous system.
46
What effect does hyperthermia have on metabolic demand and blood pressure?
Increases metabolic demand and BP ## Footnote Hyperthermia can lead to increased heart rate as the body attempts to cool down.
47
What happens to venous return in upright posture?
Reduces venous return ## Footnote Lying down enhances venous return due to gravity.
48
How do hypoxia and acidemia affect contractility?
Reduce contractility ## Footnote Both conditions can impair the heart's ability to pump effectively.
49
What can ventricular remodeling after a myocardial infarction lead to?
Reduced left ventricular function and heart failure ## Footnote Remodeling is a response to damage and can significantly impact overall cardiac health.
50
What is preload?
Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole, before the next contraction ## Footnote Preload determines the amount of stretch on myocardial fibers.
51
What conditions can increase preload?
* Aortic disease * Hypervolemia ## Footnote These conditions lead to an increase in blood volume or pressure in the ventricles.
52
What is contractility?
The strength of contraction or how well the heart squeezes ## Footnote It is a key factor in determining stroke volume.
53
What controls contractility?
* Sympathetic nervous system (fight-or-flight) * Hormones: Epinephrine and Norepinephrine ## Footnote These factors enhance the heart's ability to contract effectively.
54
What is the result of increased contractility?
Increased stroke volume due to enhanced ventricular emptying ## Footnote This is crucial for maintaining cardiac output.
55
What is afterload?
The pressure the heart must overcome to eject blood during ventricular contraction ## Footnote Afterload affects the efficiency of the heart's pumping action.
56
What factors influence afterload?
* Ventricle size * Wall tension * Blood pressure ## Footnote These factors determine how much pressure the heart must generate to pump blood.
57
What is a clinical implication of elevated afterload?
Elevated blood pressure increases resistance, increasing cardiac workload ## Footnote Over time, this can lead to ventricular remodeling, especially ventricular hypertrophy.
58
What do arteries carry away from the heart?
Oxygenated blood ## Footnote Arteries transport oxygen-rich blood to body tissues.
59
What do veins carry toward the heart?
Deoxygenated blood ## Footnote Veins transport oxygen-poor blood to be reoxygenated.
60
What is the role of pulmonary arteries?
Carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs ## Footnote This is an exception to the general rule of arteries.
61
What do pulmonary veins carry to the left atrium?
Oxygenated blood ## Footnote This is an exception to the general rule of veins.
62
What are the key regulators of blood pressure?
Autonomic Nervous System, kidneys, endocrine system, baroreceptors ## Footnote These components work together to maintain blood pressure homeostasis.
63
Which branches are included in the Autonomic Nervous System?
Sympathetic (SNS) and Parasympathetic (PNS) ## Footnote The SNS typically increases blood pressure, while the PNS decreases it.
64
How do the kidneys contribute to blood pressure regulation?
They sense changes in blood flow and activate the RAS system ## Footnote This system helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.
65
What does the Sympathetic Nervous System do to heart rate?
Increases heart rate ## Footnote It also speeds up AV node conduction and increases contraction force.
66
What is the effect of the SNS on blood vessels?
Stimulates vasoconstriction ## Footnote This effect results in increased blood pressure.
67
What is the primary function of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?
Slows heart rate ## Footnote It is mediated by the vagus nerve.
68
What happens to SA node impulses under PNS influence?
Decreases ## Footnote This leads to a slower heart rate.
69
What does the renal and endocrine systems influence?
Cardiac function ## Footnote They regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.
70
What hormones does the endocrine system release?
Catecholamines, serotonin, histamines ## Footnote These hormones can stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.
71
Where are baroreceptors located?
Aortic arch and carotid sinus ## Footnote They detect stretch and pressure changes in arteries.
72
What do baroreceptors do in response to increased pressure?
Inhibit SNS and enhance PNS ## Footnote This results in decreased heart rate and peripheral vasodilation.
73
What is the response of the body to decreased pressure?
Activates SNS, raises heart rate, and causes vasoconstriction ## Footnote This is the opposite effect of the response to increased pressure.
74
What cardiovascular change is associated with aging regarding cardiac valves?
Calcifications in cardiac valves ## Footnote This can affect the function of the heart valves and overall cardiac efficiency.
75
How does the conduction system change with aging?
Fewer pacemaker cells lead to slower impulse conduction ## Footnote This results in a decrease in heart rate and can lead to arrhythmias.
76
What fibrotic changes occur in the left ventricle due to aging?
Fibrotic changes lead to slower early diastolic filling ## Footnote This affects the heart's ability to fill properly before the next contraction.
77
What effect does an enlarged left ventricle have on cardiac function?
It may further impair filling, decreasing the speed of early diastolic filling ## Footnote This can lead to reduced cardiac output.
78
What changes occur in the aorta and large arteries with aging?
Aortic and large artery thickening increases systolic BP ## Footnote This is a compensatory mechanism to maintain blood flow despite increased resistance.
79
What happens to systemic vascular resistance (SVR) as one ages?
Increased systemic vascular resistance ## Footnote This causes the left ventricle to pump against a higher afterload.
80
What is a consequence of increased afterload on the left ventricle?
Leads to ventricular hypertrophy ## Footnote This can result in decreased cardiac efficiency and heart failure.
81
How do baroreceptors change with age?
Become less sensitive ## Footnote This results in less effective regulation of blood pressure.
82
What is the importance of thorough cardiovascular assessment?
Identifying cardiac vs. secondary causes of symptoms ## Footnote A thorough assessment helps differentiate whether symptoms are due to heart issues or other conditions.
83
What factors are assessed in a cardiovascular health history?
Modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors, psychological factors, medical history, previous treatment for CVD, drug history, social history, nutrition, family history and genetic risk, current health problems ## Footnote These factors provide a comprehensive view of the patient's cardiovascular health.
84
What symptoms should be asked about during a cardiovascular assessment?
Chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue/tiredness, smoking/alcohol use, history of rheumatic fever or recent infections, known heart or blood pressure problems, palpitations ## Footnote These symptoms are critical for diagnosing cardiovascular issues.
85
Fill in the blank: A history of _______ can indicate potential heart problems.
rheumatic fever or recent infections
86
What should be included in a medication history during cardiovascular assessment?
Prescribed, OTC, and herbal medications ## Footnote Understanding a patient's medication can reveal potential impacts on heart health.
87
True or False: OTC medications like cold meds can affect the heart.
True ## Footnote Ingredients such as aspirin or acetaminophen may have cardiovascular implications.
88
What can be inferred if a patient takes Lisinopril but denies cardiac history?
Likely has hypertension ## Footnote Lisinopril is commonly prescribed for high blood pressure.
89
Why is it important to ask about herbal supplements during cardiovascular assessment?
They may thin the blood ## Footnote Certain herbal supplements can have significant effects on cardiovascular health.
90
What is the focus of the cardiac health perception-health management pattern?
Understanding the patient's perception of their health and management behaviors ## Footnote This includes how patients view their health status and what actions they take to maintain it.
91
What does the cardiac nutritional-metabolic pattern assess?
The patient's usual dietary intake and any metabolic concerns ## Footnote This pattern helps identify nutritional habits that may affect cardiac health.
92
What is evaluated in the cardiac elimination pattern?
Bowel movement frequency, characteristics, and any leg/foot swelling ## Footnote Important questions include the frequency of bowel movements and the presence of edema.
93
What does the cardiac activity-exercise pattern inquire about?
The patient's exercise habits and ability to participate in physical activities ## Footnote Questions focus on the frequency and types of exercise, and if rest periods are needed.
94
What is the significance of the sleep-rest pattern in cardiac health?
It assesses sleep quality and position, particularly in relation to heart failure symptoms ## Footnote Questions may include sleep location and pillows used, as well as nocturnal urination.
95
What does the cognitive-perceptual pattern encompass?
Patient's cognitive function and perception of their health ## Footnote This pattern examines how well patients understand their health issues.
96
What is assessed in the self-perception-self-concept pattern?
The patient's self-esteem and self-image ## Footnote Understanding how patients view themselves can inform care strategies.
97
What are functional health patterns?
Patterns that describe how individuals manage their health and daily activities ## Footnote These patterns help identify areas of strength and limitation in health management.
98
What does the role-relationship pattern examine?
The patient's roles in relationships and social dynamics ## Footnote It assesses how cardiac health impacts relationships and social support.
99
What is the focus of the sexuality-reproductive pattern?
The patient's sexual health and reproductive concerns ## Footnote This pattern is important for understanding overall well-being.
100
What does the coping-stress tolerance pattern evaluate?
The patient's coping mechanisms and ability to handle stress ## Footnote It helps identify strategies patients use to manage stress related to cardiac issues.
101
What is assessed in the values-belief pattern?
The patient's beliefs and values regarding health and illness ## Footnote It helps understand how these beliefs influence health behavior.
102
What limitations does functional health history help identify?
Limitations in ADLs and roles ## Footnote This includes understanding how health issues affect daily living and social roles.
103
What is an example question for health perception/health management?
“Do you feel like you're healthy?” ## Footnote This question assesses the patient's self-assessment of health.
104
What is an example question for the nutritional-metabolic pattern?
“What do you usually eat in a day?” ## Footnote This question helps evaluate dietary habits that may impact cardiac health.
105
Fill in the blank: In the elimination pattern, patients may be asked, 'How often do you have a bowel movement?' and '_______?'
Can you describe it? ## Footnote This question further explores bowel habits.
106
What is an example question for the activity-exercise pattern?
“Do you exercise?” ## Footnote This question aims to assess the patient's physical activity level.
107
What is an example question regarding sleep-rest pattern related to heart failure?
“Do you wake up at night to urinate?” ## Footnote This question is particularly relevant for patients with left-sided heart failure.
108
What is the standard vital sign that should always be assessed?
Blood pressure ## Footnote Blood pressure is a critical indicator of cardiovascular health.
109
What does the term 'precordium' refer to?
The region of the thorax immediately in front of the heart ## Footnote Understanding the precordium is essential for effective cardiovascular assessment.
110
What are the normal heart sounds characterized by?
Regular Rate & Rhythm (RRR) ## Footnote Normal heart sounds indicate a healthy cardiovascular system.
111
What may abnormal heart sounds indicate?
Dysrhythmias, palpitations, skipped beats ## Footnote Abnormal heart sounds warrant further investigation.
112
What should be assessed during the general appearance evaluation of a patient?
Overall state, comfort level, appearance of illness, skin color ## Footnote Observations can provide insights into the patient's health status.
113
What skin conditions should be noted during the extremities assessment?
Swelling, dependent rubor, clubbing of nail beds, varicose veins, ulcers or wounds ## Footnote These conditions can indicate underlying cardiovascular issues.
114
What should be assessed in the chest assessment?
Even skin tone, equal chest expansion, breathing pattern ## Footnote These factors are crucial for evaluating respiratory and cardiovascular function.
115
What is the grading scale for peripheral pulses?
0–4+ scale ## Footnote Grading helps quantify the strength of the pulse and assess circulation.
116
What does a 0 grade on the pulse scale indicate?
Absent ## Footnote An absent pulse may require Doppler confirmation to assess circulation.
117
What does a 2+ grade on the pulse scale indicate?
Normal (easily palpable) ## Footnote A normal pulse is indicative of adequate blood flow.
118
What does a 4+ grade on the pulse scale indicate?
Bounding (abnormally strong) ## Footnote A bounding pulse may be normal post-exercise but concerning at rest.
119
What is the difference between unlabored and labored breathing patterns?
Unlabored: normal effort; Labored: increased effort ## Footnote Assessing breathing patterns can reveal respiratory distress.
120
What is the significance of using the bell of the stethoscope?
To listen for low-pitched sounds (e.g., murmurs) ## Footnote Proper use of the stethoscope is essential for accurate cardiovascular assessment.
121
Fill in the blank: The presence of _______ may indicate a cardiovascular issue.
Dysrhythmias ## Footnote Dysrhythmias can significantly affect heart function and overall health.
122
What is the mnemonic for remembering cardiac landmarks?
“All Pigs Eat Too Much” ## Footnote This mnemonic helps recall the locations of major heart sounds.
123
Where is the Aortic landmark located?
2nd ICS, right sternal border ## Footnote ICS stands for intercostal space.
124
Where is the Pulmonic landmark located?
2nd ICS, left sternal border
125
Where is Erb’s Point located?
3rd ICS, left sternal border
126
Where is the Tricuspid landmark located?
4th ICS, left sternal border
127
Where is the Mitral (Apical/PMI) landmark located?
5th ICS, left midclavicular line
128
Mitral is also known as _______.
Apical or Point of Maximal Impulse (PMI)
129
What type of sounds should be auscultated with the bell?
Murmurs and low-pitched sounds
130
What are troponin T and I?
Cardiac enzymes found in cardiac muscle, not normally in blood
131
What does elevated troponin indicate?
Heart muscle damage, such as myocardial infarction (MI)
132
What is the significance of a lipid panel in cardiovascular health?
Assesses cholesterol levels to evaluate risk for coronary artery disease (CAD)
133
What combination of lipid panel results indicates a much higher CAD risk?
High total cholesterol, high LDL, and high triglycerides
134
What is the goal for total cholesterol levels?
< 200 mg/dL
135
What is the goal for triglyceride levels?
< 150 mg/dL
136
What is the goal for HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) levels?
> 60 mg/dL
137
What is the goal for LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) levels?
70–130 mg/dL (lab dependent)
138
What is the role of HDL in cardiovascular health?
Mobilizes cholesterol from tissues, has a protective role
139
What does elevated homocysteine levels indicate?
Independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease
140
What is C-Reactive Protein (CRP)?
An inflammatory marker made by the liver that signals systemic inflammation
141
Is CRP specific to cardiac disease?
No, it is not specific but indicates systemic inflammation
142
What electrolytes should be monitored in patients with renal involvement?
Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+)
143
In which condition is monitoring fluid and electrolytes especially relevant?
Heart failure
144
What does an ECG/EKG assess?
Heart rate & rhythm, dysrhythmias, myocardial infarction ## Footnote Dysrhythmias include conditions like atrial fibrillation (A-fib).
145
What is the purpose of a Chest X-Ray: PA and Lateral?
Evaluate shortness of breath, assess heart size ## Footnote Useful for differentiating between cardiac and respiratory issues and identifying cardiomegaly.
146
What is cardiac catheterization?
Invasive procedure where dye is injected into coronary arteries ## Footnote Used to identify coronary artery blockages and potential stent placement.
147
What does an Electrophysiologic Study diagnose?
Electrical activity of the heart and arrhythmias ## Footnote This is a mildly invasive procedure involving catheter insertion.
148
What is assessed during an Exercise Electrocardiography (Stress Test)?
Heart response to exertion, cardiac rhythm & oxygenation changes ## Footnote The test typically lasts about 20 minutes while walking on a treadmill.
149
What is Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE)?
Ultrasound probe inserted via esophagus ## Footnote Provides detailed evaluation of cardiac structure and function.
150
What does Echocardiography (Echo) evaluate?
Heart chambers, valves, ejection fraction, left-sided heart failure ## Footnote Ejection fraction is a key measure of heart function.
151
What does Myocardial Nuclear Perfusion Imaging (MNPI) assess?
Ischemia during stress ## Footnote Involves PET scan with pre- and post-exercise imaging.
152
What does a CT Scan evaluate in cardiac diagnostics?
Coronary artery calcium deposits and cardiac structure ## Footnote This is a non-invasive imaging technique.
153
What is the purpose of MRI in cardiac diagnostics?
High-detail imaging of cardiac wall thickness, chamber size, valve & ventricular function, blood flow ## Footnote MRI provides non-invasive assessment with high detail.
154
What does a Nuclear Medicine Scan (MUGA) track?
Movement of blood in the heart ## Footnote Uses a radioactive tracer to visualize heart function.
155
Fill in the blank: Cardiac catheterization involves inserting a thin tube (catheter) into a _______.
blood vessel ## Footnote This procedure provides detailed information about heart function including ejection fraction.
156
What is hypertension commonly known as?
The 'silent killer' ## Footnote Often asymptomatic until severe organ damage occurs.
157
What is the AHA guideline for blood pressure?
<130/80 mmHg ## Footnote AHA stands for American Heart Association.
158
What is the JNC-8 guideline for blood pressure in individuals aged 60 years and older?
<150/90 mmHg
159
What is the JNC-8 guideline for blood pressure in individuals under 60 years?
<140/90 mmHg
160
How many readings are required for a hypertension diagnosis?
Two or more readings by a provider
161
What is white coat syndrome?
BP elevated only in clinical settings due to anxiety
162
What is the most common type of hypertension?
Primary (Essential) HTN
163
What are the non-modifiable risk factors for primary hypertension?
* Genetics * Age * Family history * Ethnicity * Gender
164
What are the modifiable risk factors for primary hypertension?
* Obesity * Smoking * Stress * Poor diet * Alcohol * Inactivity * Hyperlipidemia
165
What causes secondary hypertension?
Another condition or medications
166
What key diagnostics are used for secondary hypertension?
* Protein & RBCs in urine * Elevated BUN/creatinine * Low GFR (<90 may suggest reduced kidney function)
167
How does excessive alcohol intake affect hypertension?
Increases risk
168
What is the protective effect of moderate alcohol intake?
May be protective when limited to 1/day for women and 2/day for men
169
How does smoking affect cardiovascular risk?
Increases cardiovascular risk
170
What effect does nicotine have on heart rate?
Increases heart rate and workload
171
What is the relationship between diabetes and hypertension?
HTN is more common in diabetics and increases risk of organ damage
172
What dietary factor raises blood pressure, especially in salt-sensitive individuals?
High sodium intake
173
How does low socioeconomic status affect health choices?
Less access to healthy food, more sedentary jobs, stress leading to unhealthy but cheap food choices
174
What is the hypertensive crisis defined as?
Systolic BP > 200 mm Hg and Diastolic BP > 150 mm Hg
175
What are some symptoms of a hypertensive crisis?
* Morning headaches * Vision changes / blurred vision * Shortness of breath (dyspnea) * Uremia
176
What is the increased risk associated with high cholesterol/triglycerides?
Risk for atherosclerosis and CAD
177
What is the effect of high sodium intake on antihypertensives?
Reduces effectiveness
178
What is the risk for men and women regarding hypertension?
* Men: higher risk in young/mid-adulthood * Women: higher risk after age 64–65
179
What is the most common type of hypertension?
Essential (Primary) Hypertension ## Footnote This type accounts for the majority of hypertension cases.
180
List three non-modifiable risk factors for hypertension.
* African-American ethnicity * Age > 60 years * Kidney disease ## Footnote Kidney disease is highlighted as a key risk factor.
181
What defines a hypertensive crisis?
Systolic BP > 200 mm Hg and Diastolic BP > 150 mm Hg ## Footnote This condition is considered a medical emergency.
182
Identify two risks associated with a hypertensive crisis.
* Stroke * Cardiovascular events ## Footnote These risks underscore the severity of a hypertensive crisis.
183
What are common symptoms of a hypertensive crisis?
* Morning headache * Vision changes / blurred vision * Shortness of breath (dyspnea) * Uremia ## Footnote These symptoms can indicate the presence of a hypertensive crisis.
184
List three modifiable risk factors for hypertension.
* Obesity * Sedentary lifestyle * Smoking history * Hyperlipidemia ## Footnote Addressing these factors can help manage hypertension.
185
What are the risk factors to assess for in hypertension?
Risk factors (modifiable and non-modifiable) ## Footnote Includes factors such as age, family history, obesity, and lifestyle choices.
186
What history should be assessed in a hypertension patient?
History of kidney or cardiovascular disease, prescription or illicit drug use ## Footnote Important to identify underlying conditions that may contribute to hypertension.
187
What are common physical signs and symptoms of hypertension?
Often asymptomatic; if present, may include: * Headaches * Dizziness * Fainting * Facial flushing * Palpitations * Dyspnea * Fatigue ## Footnote Hypertension is often referred to as the 'silent killer' due to the lack of symptoms.
188
What psychosocial factors should be evaluated in hypertension assessment?
Evaluate: * Stress levels * Lifestyle habits (diet, activity, substance use) * Socioeconomic factors (e.g., access to care and healthy food) ## Footnote Understanding psychosocial factors can help tailor treatment and management strategies.
189
What diagnostic tests are commonly used for hypertension?
Diagnostic Tests: * Urinalysis: protein, RBCs * Labs: BUN, creatinine * Chest X-ray: evaluate for cardiomegaly * ECG: assess cardiac involvement ## Footnote These tests help determine the extent of hypertension and any related complications.
190
What is the primary treatment goal for hypertension?
Lower blood pressure to reduce cardiovascular and renal complications ## Footnote Additional goals include promoting medication adherence and encouraging sustainable lifestyle changes.
191
What lifestyle modification can reduce SBP and by how much?
Weight Loss: Losing ~22 lbs can reduce SBP by 5–20 mmHg ## Footnote Weight loss is a significant factor in managing hypertension.
192
What dietary approach is recommended for hypertension management?
DASH Diet: * Low sodium (<2,000 mg/day for most; lower for HTN) * High in fruits, vegetables, lean protein ## Footnote The DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) is specifically designed to help lower blood pressure.
193
What is the recommendation regarding alcohol use in hypertension patients?
Not prohibited unless liver issues; moderate use acceptable ## Footnote Moderate alcohol consumption may not significantly impact hypertension management.
194
Why is tobacco cessation recommended in hypertension management?
Strongly recommended due to vasoconstriction and cardiovascular risk ## Footnote Smoking exacerbates hypertension and increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
195
What is a recommended physical activity guideline for hypertension patients?
Start small: 30 mins walking, 3x/week ## Footnote Regular physical activity improves blood pressure, weight, circulation, and mood.
196
What is a key dietary recommendation for managing hypertension?
DASH diet: Rich in fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy; low in saturated fat and sodium ## Footnote DASH stands for Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension and emphasizes nutrient-rich foods.
197
What is the recommended sodium intake for most adults to manage hypertension?
<2,000 mg/day ## Footnote This recommendation is lower for individuals diagnosed with hypertension.
198
How much physical activity is recommended for patients with hypertension?
At least 30 minutes, 3x/week ## Footnote Physical activity should be tailored to patient interests and capabilities.
199
Why is medication adherence important for patients with hypertension?
Daily use is critical to maintain BP control ## Footnote Adherence to prescribed medications helps manage blood pressure effectively.
200
What side effects should patients monitor and report while taking antihypertensive medications?
* Coughing * Dizziness * Sexual dysfunction ## Footnote Reporting side effects allows for possible medication adjustments.
201
What should patients do if they experience adverse effects from their medication?
Providers may adjust the medication ## Footnote Patients should never stop medication abruptly without consulting their provider.
202
List some potential barriers to treatment adherence for patients with hypertension.
* Fear of side effects * Cost * Forgetfulness ## Footnote Identifying and addressing these barriers is crucial for successful management.
203
What are common barriers to treatment adherence that should be assessed?
* Medication non-compliance * Lifestyle resistance * Limited understanding of the care plan ## Footnote Understanding these barriers helps tailor patient education efforts.
204
What is a patient-centered strategy for promoting adherence?
Tailor activities and diet to patient preferences and lifestyle ## Footnote Involving family or caregivers can enhance support.
205
What should patients be able to do regarding their care plan?
Verbalize understanding of drug therapy and lifestyle modifications ## Footnote This indicates a good grasp of their hypertension management.
206
What commitment should patients make towards their treatment goals?
Agree to and commit to treatment goals ## Footnote Commitment is vital for successful management of hypertension.
207
How should patients demonstrate adherence to their treatment plan?
* Taking medications as prescribed * Engaging in physical activity * Following up regularly with their healthcare team ## Footnote These actions reflect an active role in managing their condition.
208
True or False: Patients should feel confident in managing their condition.
True ## Footnote Confidence is crucial for empowering patients in their health management.
209
What should be measured in both arms during the assessment for arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
Blood pressure ## Footnote Measuring blood pressure in both arms can help identify differences that may indicate vascular issues.
210
What should be palpated separately during the assessment?
Carotid arteries ## Footnote Palpating carotid arteries helps to assess for any abnormalities in blood flow.
211
What is checked to assess peripheral circulation?
Capillary refill ## Footnote Capillary refill time indicates blood flow to the extremities.
212
What sounds should be listened for that indicate turbulent blood flow?
Bruits ## Footnote Bruits can suggest narrowing of blood vessels due to atherosclerosis.
213
Which lipid levels should be evaluated in the assessment?
Cholesterol and triglyceride levels ## Footnote Evaluating lipid levels is crucial for assessing cardiovascular risk.
214
What are some modifiable risk factors for arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis?
* Poor nutrition (high saturated fat, cholesterol) * Physical inactivity * Smoking / Tobacco use * High cholesterol levels (hyperlipidemia) * Hypertension * Diabetes mellitus * Obesity * Sedentary lifestyle * Drug use (recreational or certain prescribed meds) ## Footnote Addressing modifiable risk factors can significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
215
Which risk factors for arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis are considered non-modifiable?
* Aging * Family history * Chronic kidney disease * Male gender (increased risk earlier in life) ## Footnote Non-modifiable risk factors cannot be changed but can inform monitoring and preventive strategies.
216
What is arteriosclerosis?
Thickening or hardening of arterial wall; often associated with aging ## Footnote Arteriosclerosis is a general term that can refer to any thickening or hardening of the arterial walls.
217
What is atherosclerosis?
Type of arteriosclerosis involving plaque within arterial wall ## Footnote Atherosclerosis is specifically characterized by the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries.
218
What is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease?
Atherosclerosis ## Footnote Atherosclerosis significantly increases the risk of heart-related conditions.
219
What complications can arise from atherosclerosis?
HTN, PVD/PAD, MI ## Footnote HTN: Hypertension; PVD: Peripheral Vascular Disease; PAD: Peripheral Artery Disease; MI: Myocardial Infarction.
220
True or False: Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis.
True ## Footnote Atherosclerosis is specifically one form of arteriosclerosis.
221
What is Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)?
A type of Peripheral Vascular Disease caused by systemic atherosclerosis in peripheral arteries ## Footnote PAD leads to reduced blood flow to limbs, especially the lower extremities.
222
What are the modifiable risk factors for PAD?
* Tobacco use * Diabetes mellitus * Hypertension * Hyperlipidemia / Hypercholesterolemia * Obesity * Sedentary lifestyle * Chronic stress * Poor diet * Elevated CRP ## Footnote Tobacco use is considered the most significant modifiable risk factor.
223
What are the non-modifiable risk factors for PAD?
* Age * Family history * Chronic kidney disease ## Footnote These factors cannot be changed and increase the risk of developing PAD.
224
What is the classic symptom of PAD?
Intermittent Claudication ## Footnote It is ischemic muscle pain with exertion due to lactic acid buildup, relieved by rest within 10 minutes.
225
What indicates the blockage site in PAD based on pain location?
* Buttocks/thighs → Iliac artery * Calves → Femoral or popliteal artery ## Footnote Pain location can help determine where the arterial blockage is occurring.
226
What are atypical symptoms and sensory changes in PAD?
* Burning, heaviness, pressure in legs * Tightness or soreness without activity * Pain in unusual locations (ankles, feet, hamstrings) * Paresthesia (numbness/tingling) * Burning or shooting pain in extremities ## Footnote Older adults, especially women, may lack classic symptoms.
227
What skin and physical signs are associated with PAD?
* Thin, shiny, taut, dry skin * Mottled or reddish-brown appearance * Loss of hair on lower legs * Diminished or absent pulses: pedal, popliteal, femoral * Pallor with leg elevation * Dependent rubor (redness when leg is down) * Swelling and non-healing ulcers * Delayed wound healing ## Footnote These signs reflect inadequate blood flow to the skin and tissues.
228
What are possible complications of PAD?
* Skin and muscle atrophy * Delayed healing * Arterial ulcers * Tissue necrosis, gangrene - non-healing alterial ulcers and gangrene are most serious complications - Amputation risk if perfusion isn’t restored ## Footnote Complications arise due to prolonged inadequate blood supply to tissues.
229
True or False: PAD is often overdiagnosed in people aged 60–80+.
False ## Footnote PAD is often underdiagnosed, particularly in this age group.
230
Fill in the blank: The most significant modifiable risk factor for PAD is _______.
[Tobacco use]
231
What is Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)?
Blood flow visualization ## Footnote MRA is a non-invasive imaging technique used to visualize blood vessels.
232
What does Doppler Ultrasound measure?
Segmental systolic BP ## Footnote Doppler Ultrasound is used to assess blood flow and pressure in different segments of the body.
233
What is the normal range for Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)?
1.0–1.4 ## Footnote ABI is used to diagnose peripheral artery disease (PAD) and assess blood flow.
234
What ABI value indicates Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)?
< 0.90 ## Footnote Values below 0.90 suggest significant arterial occlusion or PAD.
235
What is the purpose of Exercise Tolerance Testing?
Monitors for claudication and perfusion deficits ## Footnote This can involve a treadmill or drug-induced testing to evaluate how well the body responds to exercise.
236
What does Plethysmography evaluate?
Arterial flow via volume changes ## Footnote It measures changes in volume within the limbs to assess blood flow.
237
What are some lifestyle measures for interprofessional care in managing PAD?
Tobacco cessation, blood pressure control, exercise therapy ## Footnote Lifestyle changes are crucial for managing symptoms and improving quality of life.
238
What is the recommended exercise therapy for PAD?
Walk 30–45 mins/day, at least 3x/week ## Footnote Regular exercise can improve circulation and reduce symptoms.
239
What positioning strategy should be used for patients with PAD?
Elevate legs but not above heart level ## Footnote This helps improve blood flow without compromising circulation.
240
What are some vasodilation strategies for managing PAD?
Avoid cold, caffeine, tobacco, stress; apply gentle warmth ## Footnote These strategies help improve blood flow and reduce symptoms.
241
What are common antiplatelet agents used in pharmacologic therapy for PAD?
Aspirin, clopidogrel ## Footnote These medications help reduce the risk of blood clots.
242
When are anticoagulants used in PAD treatment?
If clot risk is high ## Footnote Anticoagulants may be prescribed to prevent thromboembolic events.
243
What are the types of surgical interventions for PAD?
Percutaneous vascular intervention, arterial revascularization/bypass surgery ## Footnote These procedures aim to restore blood flow in occluded arteries.
244
What are the components of Virchow’s Triad related to PVD?
Venous stasis, Endothelial damage, Hypercoagulability ## Footnote Virchow’s Triad describes the three factors that contribute to thrombosis.
245
What is the first-line treatment for acute management of PVD?
Anticoagulation therapy: Heparin, warfarin, DOACs ## Footnote DOACs refer to Direct Oral Anticoagulants.
246
What should be monitored during anticoagulation therapy?
PT/INR/aPTT ## Footnote These are tests used to measure blood coagulation levels.
247
What is an IVC filter used for in PVD treatment?
To prevent pulmonary embolisms by trapping clots that originate in the legs or pelvis ## Footnote IVC stands for Inferior Vena Cava, a major vein in the abdomen.
248
What supportive care measures can be taken for PVD?
* Elevate legs to reduce venous pressure * Apply moist heat (careful to prevent burns) * Debridement & wound care for ulcers * Antibiotics if infection is present * Gradual activity increase to promote venous return ## Footnote Supportive care is essential for managing symptoms and promoting healing.
249
What are some risk factors for Peripheral Venous Disease?
* History of VTE * Recent surgery or trauma * Prolonged immobility * Clotting disorders * Pregnancy or hormone therapy ## Footnote These factors increase the likelihood of developing venous issues.
250
What are common signs and symptoms of PVD?
* Often asymptomatic * Calf or groin pain * Sudden unilateral leg swelling * Warmth and tenderness over vein * Discomfort when standing * Unequal or diminished pulses ## Footnote Symptoms may vary, and some individuals may not exhibit noticeable signs.
251
What is an IVC filter used for in PVD treatment?
To prevent pulmonary embolisms by trapping clots that originate in the legs or pelvis ## Footnote IVC stands for Inferior Vena Cava, a major vein in the abdomen.
252
What are the priorities in managing Coronary Artery Disease and Stable Angina?
Perfusion & Pain
253
What conditions are included under Coronary Artery Disease?
Chronic stable angina, acute coronary syndromes
254
What is ischemia?
Insufficient oxygen is supplied to meet requirements of myocardium
255
What does infarction refer to?
Necrosis or cell death that occurs when severe ischemia is prolonged and decreased perfusion causes irreversible damage to tissue
256
What causes Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?
Atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in coronary arteries)
257
What are the consequences of CAD?
Reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, leading to ischemia, angina, and myocardial infarction (MI)
258
What triggers Chronic Stable Angina (CSA)?
Reversible myocardial ischemia due to increased oxygen demand or decreased supply
259
What is the pathophysiology of Chronic Stable Angina?
Chest discomfort occurs with moderate exertion or stress, following a familiar pattern
260
What are common symptoms of Chronic Stable Angina?
Pressure, ache, squeezing sensation in the chest
261
Where may the pain from Chronic Stable Angina radiate?
Left arm, neck, jaw, or epigastric area
262
What is the typical duration of pain in Chronic Stable Angina?
5–15 minutes, relieved by rest or nitroglycerin
263
How do male and female presentations of angina differ?
Males: Classic chest pain radiating to left arm; Females: May present with neck pain, epigastric discomfort, or heartburn
264
What medications are used in the management of Chronic Stable Angina?
Nitrates (nitroglycerin), antihypertensives, antiplatelets, lipid-lowering agents
265
What lifestyle modifications are recommended for patients with Chronic Stable Angina?
Manage diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia
266
What should patient education focus on for those with Chronic Stable Angina?
Understand pain triggers, when to rest, take medications, and seek help if pain is unrelieved by rest or medication
267
What is Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?
Includes chronic stable angina, acute coronary syndromes
268
What is ischemia?
Insufficient oxygen is supplied to meet requirements of myocardium
269
What can prolonged ischemia lead to?
Infarction
270
What is necrosis in the context of CAD?
Cell death that occurs when severe ischemia is prolonged and decreased perfusion causes irreversible damage to tissue
271
What is the major cause of Coronary Artery Disease?
Atherosclerosis
272
What characterizes stable angina?
Chest discomfort that occurs with moderate to prolonged exertion in familiar pattern
273
Does stable angina require aggressive treatment?
Rarely requires aggressive treatment
274
What are the non-modifiable risk factors for CAD?
* Age * Gender * Ethnicity * Family history / genetic predisposition
275
What are the modifiable risk factors for CAD?
* Elevated serum lipids * HTN * Tobacco use * Physical inactivity * Obesity * Diabetes * Metabolic syndrome * Psychological state * Homocysteine level * Substance abuse
276
What are the non-modifiable risk factors for CAD?
Age, Gender, Ethnicity, Family history / genetic predisposition ## Footnote Non-modifiable risk factors cannot be changed or controlled.
277
List the modifiable risk factors for CAD.
* Elevated serum lipids * HTN * Tobacco use * Physical inactivity * Obesity * Diabetes * Metabolic syndrome * Psychological state * Homocysteine level * Substance abuse ## Footnote Modifiable risk factors can be changed through lifestyle or medical interventions.
278
True or False: Family history is a modifiable risk factor for CAD.
False ## Footnote Family history is considered a non-modifiable risk factor.
279
Fill in the blank: Elevated serum lipids are considered a ______ risk factor for CAD.
modifiable ## Footnote Modifiable risk factors can be addressed to reduce CAD risk.
280
What psychological state is considered a risk factor for CAD?
Psychological state ## Footnote Stress and other psychological issues can contribute to CAD.
281
What effect does tobacco use have on CAD risk?
Increases risk ## Footnote Tobacco use is a significant modifiable risk factor for coronary artery disease.
282
List three non-modifiable risk factors for CAD.
* Age * Gender * Ethnicity ## Footnote These factors are inherent and cannot be changed.
283
What is metabolic syndrome in relation to CAD?
A modifiable risk factor ## Footnote Metabolic syndrome includes conditions like obesity and diabetes that increase CAD risk.
284
True or False: Obesity is a non-modifiable risk factor for CAD.
False ## Footnote Obesity is a modifiable risk factor that can be managed through lifestyle changes.
285
What role does homocysteine level play in CAD?
It is a modifiable risk factor ## Footnote Elevated homocysteine levels can be influenced by diet and lifestyle.
286
What is Chronic Stable Angina?
Chest discomfort due to reversible myocardial ischemia ## Footnote It is characterized by predictable patterns of symptoms during exertion.
287
What causes Chronic Stable Angina?
Increased demand for oxygen or decreased supply of oxygen
288
When does Chronic Stable Angina typically occur?
With moderate to prolonged exertion in a familiar pattern
289
What are the characteristics of symptoms in Chronic Stable Angina?
Same pattern of onset, duration, and intensity of symptoms
290
What is the typical duration of symptoms during an episode of Chronic Stable Angina?
5 to 15 minutes
291
How often do symptoms of Chronic Stable Angina occur?
Intermittent
292
What sensations are commonly associated with Chronic Stable Angina?
* Pressure/ache * Squeezing * Heavy * Choking * Suffocating sensation
293
Is sharp or stabbing pain common in Chronic Stable Angina?
Rarely sharp or stabbing
294
What other sensations may be felt during Chronic Stable Angina?
* Indigestion * Burning
295
Can symptoms of Chronic Stable Angina occur in various locations?
Yes
296
What health history should be assessed for chronic stable angina?
CAD, angina, MI, heart failure, valve disease, cardiomyopathy ## Footnote CAD stands for Coronary Artery Disease, MI stands for Myocardial Infarction.
297
What are the risk factors associated with chronic stable angina?
HTN, diabetes, anemia, hyperlipidemia, lung disease ## Footnote HTN stands for hypertension.
298
What current information should be gathered during a nursing assessment for chronic stable angina?
Current medications
299
Why is a rapid assessment essential in patients with suspected chronic stable angina?
To rule out Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)
300
List some signs to look for during the physical assessment of chronic stable angina.
* Anxious/restless behavior * Pale, cool, clammy skin * Tachycardia or bradycardia * JVD * Pulse deficits * Dysrhythmias * Respiratory distress
301
What position should a patient be placed in for acute nursing interventions?
Semi-Fowler’s position
302
What type of oxygen should be administered as part of acute nursing interventions?
Supplemental oxygen
303
What should be regularly monitored as part of acute nursing interventions?
Vital signs
304
What diagnostic tool should be obtained during acute nursing interventions?
12-lead ECG
305
How many doses of sublingual nitroglycerin should be given?
Three doses
306
What medication should follow sublingual nitroglycerin if needed?
Opioid (e.g., morphine)
307
What sounds should be auscultated during acute nursing interventions?
Heart and breath sounds
308
What is the purpose of a troponin test?
To rule out myocardial infarction ## Footnote Troponin is a protein released when the heart muscle is damaged, and elevated levels indicate a heart attack.
309
What does CBC/CMP stand for in laboratory tests?
Complete Blood Count / Comprehensive Metabolic Panel ## Footnote These tests help assess electrolytes and anemia.
310
What imaging technique is used to rule out aortic dissection?
Chest X-ray ## Footnote A chest X-ray can help identify other potential causes of chest pain.
311
What is a thallium scan?
A test that uses a radioactive tracer to see blood flow to different parts of the heart ## Footnote It helps evaluate the heart's blood supply.
312
What does CMR stand for?
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging ## Footnote CMR is specifically designed to image the heart and blood vessels.
313
What is the purpose of a calcium score test?
To assess coronary artery calcification ## Footnote It helps evaluate the risk of coronary artery disease.
314
What does a 12-lead ECG measure?
The electrical activity of the heart ## Footnote It is a standard test to detect heart problems.
315
What types of exercise stress testing are there?
Treadmill or chemical ## Footnote These tests assess how the heart performs under physical stress.
316
What is cardiac catheterization used for?
To visualize coronary blockages ## Footnote It is a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure.
317
What is Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)?
A procedure that includes balloon angioplasty and coronary stent placement ## Footnote PCI is used to treat blockages in coronary arteries.
318
What is balloon angioplasty?
A procedure that opens narrowed or blocked blood vessels ## Footnote It involves inflating a small balloon inside the artery.
319
What is the function of coronary stent placement?
To keep a coronary artery open after angioplasty ## Footnote Stents help prevent re-narrowing of the artery.
320
What is the first line of management for Chronic Stable Angina?
Control with drugs ## Footnote This includes short-acting nitrates, long-acting nitrates, antihypertensives, antiplatelets, and lipid lowering agents.
321
Name two types of nitrates used in the management of Chronic Stable Angina.
* Short-acting nitrates (e.g., nitroglycerin) * Long-acting nitrates (e.g., Isosorbide, nitro topical) ## Footnote Nitrates help to relieve angina by dilating blood vessels.
322
What are some classes of antihypertensives used for Chronic Stable Angina?
* ACE inhibitors * Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB) * Beta blockers ## Footnote These medications help manage blood pressure and reduce the workload on the heart.
323
What lifestyle modifications are recommended for patients with Chronic Stable Angina?
* Smoking cessation * Weight control * Blood pressure and glucose management * Heart-healthy diet (e.g., DASH or Mediterranean) * Physical activity ## Footnote Lifestyle changes can significantly impact the management of angina.
324
Fill in the blank: When increasing physical activity, patients should start _______ and go _______.
[low], [slow] ## Footnote This approach helps to prevent overexertion and promotes safe exercise.
325
When should a patient seek emergency care regarding angina?
* Chest pain unrelieved by nitroglycerin * New or worsening angina * Pain at rest or during minimal activity * Associated symptoms: dyspnea, fainting, nausea, confusion ## Footnote These symptoms indicate a potentially serious condition that requires immediate medical attention.
326
What are some diagnostic studies for Chronic Stable Angina?
* Chest x-ray * Laboratory studies * 12-lead ECG * Calcium-score screening heart scan * Echocardiogram * Exercise stress test ## Footnote These tests help assess heart function and identify blockages.
327
What is the purpose of cardiac catheterization/coronary angiography?
* Visualize blockages (diagnostic) * Open blockages (interventional) ## Footnote This procedure allows for both diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease.
328
What are two interventional procedures performed during cardiac catheterization?
* Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) * Balloon angioplasty * Stent placement ## Footnote These procedures are used to treat narrowed or blocked coronary arteries.
329
What may not be as obvious or easily reported in older adults?
Chest pain ## Footnote Chest pain can be atypical in older adults, making it harder to identify.
330
Name associated symptoms of chest pain in older adults.
* Unexplained dyspnea * Confusion * GI symptoms ## Footnote These symptoms can be indicative of underlying cardiac issues.
331
What can reduce mortality rate in older adults with CAD?
Fibrinolytics ## Footnote Fibrinolytics can be beneficial but also have side effects.
332
What might dysrhythmia indicate in older adults?
A normal age-related change ## Footnote It may not necessarily be a complication of myocardial infarction.
333
What should be done if dysrhythmia is causing significant symptoms?
Notify the health care provider ## Footnote Prompt communication is critical for managing symptoms.
334
How should beta blockers be used in older adults?
With caution ## Footnote They can cause side effects like dizziness, bradycardia, and exacerbation of depression.
335
What type of increases in activity is recommended for older adults?
Slow, steady increases ## Footnote Gradual increases are particularly beneficial for older adults with minimal previous exercise.
336
What should older adults plan for when participating in exercise?
Longer warm-up and cool-down periods ## Footnote This helps prevent injury and allows the body to adjust.
337
How long may pulse rates take to return to baseline in older adults after exercise?
30 minutes ## Footnote This is important to consider when monitoring recovery.

Med Surg1 Exam 3 (20 decks)

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