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Med Surg1 Exam 3 > Heart Failure Lecture > Flashcards

Heart Failure Lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

What is heart failure (HF)?

A

A condition in which the heart is unable to pump or fill effectively

HF affects both systolic and diastolic functions and can involve one or both sides of the heart.

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2
Q

What are the two main functions affected by heart failure?

A
  • Systolic function (pumping)
  • Diastolic function (filling)

These functions are crucial for effective heart operation.

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3
Q

What happens to oxygen delivery in heart failure?

A

Decreased oxygen delivery to tissues and organs

This can lead to various symptoms and complications.

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4
Q

What are common underlying cardiovascular conditions that can cause heart failure?

A
  • Uncontrolled hypertension
  • Coronary artery disease (CAD)
  • Myocardial infarction (MI)
  • Valvular heart disease

These conditions can lead to structural and functional heart changes.

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5
Q

What is a current trend regarding heart failure in older adults?

A

Increasing prevalence in older adults

This trend is partly due to more MI survivors developing heart failure.

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6
Q

What is one of the leading causes of hospitalization among adults over 65?

A

Heart failure

It is a significant health concern in this age group.

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7
Q

What factors related to cardiac output are associated with heart failure?

A
  • Preload – volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole
  • Afterload – peripheral resistance
  • Contractility – strength of ventricular contraction
  • Heart Rate

These factors influence the heart’s ability to pump effectively.

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8
Q

What are precipitating causes of heart failure?

A

Causes that increase ventricular workload, leading to acute conditions and decreased cardiac function

These can exacerbate existing heart failure.

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9
Q

Which demographic has a higher prevalence of heart failure before age 50?

A

African American individuals

This contrasts with Euro-Americans in the same age group.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: Heart failure can involve the _____ side of the heart.

A

both

Heart failure can affect the left, right, or both sides of the heart.

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11
Q

What is the most common type of heart failure?

A

Left-sided heart failure

Left-sided heart failure is primarily caused by left ventricular dysfunction.

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12
Q

What results from left ventricular dysfunction in left-sided heart failure?

A

Prevents forward blood flow and backs up blood into left atrium and pulmonary veins

This leads to pulmonary congestion/edema.

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13
Q

What is the former name for left-sided heart failure?

A

Congestive heart failure

This term is still commonly used, though not all types involve pulmonary edema.

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14
Q

What is a hallmark sign of systolic heart failure?

A

Decreased ejection fraction (EF)

Normal EF is 50-70%; EF <40% indicates systolic heart failure.

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15
Q

What are common causes of systolic heart failure?

A
  • Myocardial infarction (MI)
  • Uncontrolled hypertension (HTN)
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • Valvular disease

These conditions impair the heart’s ability to pump effectively.

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16
Q

What defines diastolic heart failure?

A

Inability of ventricles to relax and fill during diastole

EF is normal in diastolic heart failure.

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17
Q

What usually causes diastolic heart failure?

A
  • Left ventricular hypertrophy
  • Myocardial infarction (MI)
  • Valve disease
  • Cardiomyopathy

Hypertension is the most common cause of left ventricular hypertrophy.

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18
Q

What are the key symptoms of left-sided heart failure?

A
  • Dyspnea (shortness of breath)
  • Fatigue
  • Weakness
  • Chest pain or palpitations

Dyspnea may present as exertional or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.

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19
Q

What is the relationship between left-sided heart failure and right-sided heart failure?

A

Left ventricular failure (LVF) leads to increased pulmonary pressure, causing right-sided heart failure (RHF)

LVF is the most common cause of RHF.

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20
Q

What is the ejection fraction (EF) threshold indicating high risk for cardiac death in systolic heart failure?

A

<30%

Patients with EF <30% require close monitoring.

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: Systolic heart failure is also called ______ due to decreased cardiac output.

A

forward failure

This term highlights the issue with effective pumping.

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22
Q

What are some common symptoms of pulmonary congestion in left-sided heart failure?

A
  • Crackles in lungs
  • Pink, frothy sputum

These symptoms are indicative of fluid leakage into the alveoli.

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23
Q

What is the effect of decreased filling in diastolic heart failure?

A

Decreased stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO)

This condition often results from left ventricular hypertrophy.

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24
Q

True or False: Diastolic heart failure is more common in older adults, females, and the obese.

A

True

These demographics are at higher risk for diastolic heart failure.

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25
What is the most common cause of Right-Sided Heart Failure (RHF)?
Left-sided heart failure (LSHF) ## Footnote LSHF often leads to increased pressure and strain on the right ventricle, causing RHF.
26
What condition often leads to RHF due to lung disease?
Cor pulmonale ## Footnote Cor pulmonale is characterized by right ventricular hypertrophy due to chronic lung diseases which causes high BP in the lungs leading to R ventricle enlargement and heart enlarging and failing Ex. COPD most common cause, massive pulmonary embolism
27
What happens to the right ventricle (RV) in RHF?
The RV fails to empty effectively, causing blood to back up into the right atrium and venous circulation.
28
What are common symptoms of Right-Sided Heart Failure (RHF)?
* Jugular vein distension (JVD) * Hepatomegaly * Splenomegaly * GI vascular congestion * Peripheral edema * Weight gain ## Footnote Symptoms can be remembered as 'R' = Rest of the Body.
29
What is Jugular vein distension (JVD) a sign of?
Increased jugular venous pressure (JVP).
30
What does hepatomegaly indicate in RHF?
Enlarged liver due to venous congestion.
31
What condition leads to peripheral pitting edema in RHF?
Blood backs up into legs/feet, causing fluid to leak into tissues.
32
Fill in the blank: _______ is a sign of severe fluid retention in RHF.
Ascites
33
What is the most reliable indicator of fluid gain/loss in RHF?
Weight gain.
34
What are chronic causes of Right-Sided Heart Failure?
* Chronic pulmonary diseases (e.g., COPD) * Cor pulmonale * Pulmonary hypertension (PH) * Right-sided myocardial infarction (MI)
35
What are acute causes of Right-Sided Heart Failure?
* Right ventricular infarction * Pulmonary embolism (PE)
36
What does hepatomegaly indicate in the context of RHF?
Congested liver due to increased venous pressure.
37
What is the significance of nocturia in RHF?
Increased nighttime urination due to fluid reabsorption when supine.
38
What symptoms might indicate cerebral hypoperfusion in RHF?
Behavioral changes such as confusion and lethargy.
39
True or False: Daily weights are the most reliable indicator of fluid status changes in RHF.
True.
40
What is the role of monitoring abdominal girth in RHF?
To assess progression of edema and fluid retention.
41
What classification is used for patients at high risk for developing heart failure?
Class I NYHA ## Footnote NYHA stands for New York Heart Association, which classifies heart failure based on severity.
42
What does Class I NYHA indicate about patients?
Patients with cardiac structural abnormalities or remodeling who have not developed HF symptoms ## Footnote HF refers to heart failure.
43
What classification is assigned to patients with current or prior symptoms of heart failure?
Class II or III NYHA ## Footnote This classification indicates varying degrees of symptom severity.
44
What classification is used for patients with refractory end-stage heart failure?
Class IV NYHA ## Footnote Class IV indicates the most severe form of heart failure with persistent symptoms.
45
What are compensatory mechanisms in the context of cardiovascular health?
Processes the body uses to maintain proper cardiac output (CO) ## Footnote Compensatory mechanisms can be abrupt or slow and progressive.
46
What is one of the main systems involved in compensatory mechanisms?
Sympathetic nervous system ## Footnote This system plays a critical role in the body's response to maintain cardiac output.
47
What neurohormonal response is involved in compensatory mechanisms?
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) ## Footnote RAAS helps regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.
48
Name one type of hormonal response that occurs during compensatory mechanisms.
Release of other hormones ## Footnote Hormones such as catecholamines can be released to support cardiovascular function.
49
What structural changes can occur in the heart as a compensatory mechanism?
Ventricular/myocardial hypertrophy and dilation ## Footnote These changes can help accommodate increased workload but may lead to further complications.
50
What is the first compensatory mechanism activated by the body?
Sympathetic Nervous System Activation (SNS) ## Footnote It is the least effective mechanism.
51
What substances are released during SNS activation?
Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) ## Footnote These hormones contribute to increased heart rate and contractility.
52
What effect does SNS activation have on heart rate?
Increased HR ## Footnote This initially improves cardiac output.
53
How does SNS activation initially affect cardiac output?
Improves CO at first ## Footnote However, this improvement can lead to long-term harm.
54
What is a negative consequence of prolonged SNS activation?
Increased workload and oxygen demand on an already failing heart ## Footnote This can worsen heart failure over time.
55
What effect does SNS activation have on myocardial contractility?
Increased myocardial contractility ## Footnote This is part of the body's attempt to compensate for reduced cardiac function.
56
What physiological change occurs due to peripheral vasoconstriction during SNS activation?
Immediate increase in preload ## Footnote This helps to increase cardiac output initially.
57
What is the impact of increased preload on venous return?
Increased venous return ## Footnote This can lead to decreased ventricular performance due to overload.
58
True or False: SNS activation is a long-term solution for heart failure.
False ## Footnote SNS activation can cause more harm over time.
59
What do kidneys release to initiate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?
Renin ## Footnote Renin is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance.
60
What does renin convert angiotensinogen to?
Angiotensin I ## Footnote Angiotensinogen is a precursor protein produced by the liver.
61
What enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?
An enzyme in the lungs ## Footnote This conversion is a key step in the RAAS pathway.
62
What hormone is released by the adrenal cortex in response to angiotensin II?
Aldosterone ## Footnote Aldosterone promotes sodium and water retention, increasing blood volume and pressure.
63
What physiological effect does aldosterone have?
Na & H2O retention ## Footnote This retention helps to increase blood volume and blood pressure.
64
What is the effect of decreased cardiac output (CO) on cerebral perfusion pressure?
Decreased cerebral perfusion pressure ## Footnote This can lead to inadequate blood flow to the brain.
65
What hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland in response to decreased cerebral perfusion pressure?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ## Footnote ADH helps regulate water balance in the body.
66
What is endothelin?
A vasoconstrictor released by vascular endothelial cells ## Footnote Endothelin plays a role in regulating blood vessel constriction.
67
Fill in the blank: Kidneys release renin which converts angiotensinogen to _______.
Angiotensin I
68
True or False: Angiotensin II causes peripheral vasodilation.
False ## Footnote Angiotensin II actually causes increased peripheral vasoconstriction.
69
What are natriuretic peptides?
Hormones that help with vasodilation and diuresis ## Footnote Includes B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
70
What role does B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) play in the body?
Helps counteract effects of SNS and RAAS ## Footnote SNS: Sympathetic Nervous System, RAAS: Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
71
What is vasopressin also known as?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ## Footnote Released by the posterior pituitary
72
What is ventricular remodeling?
Increase in muscle mass and cardiac wall thickness ## Footnote Progressive process that takes time to develop
73
What are the initial effects of ventricular remodeling?
Increased cardiac output (CO) and perfusion ## Footnote Over time leads to poor contractility
74
What are the consequences of increased muscle tissue in ventricular remodeling?
Requires more O2 and leads to poor coronary artery circulation ## Footnote Can become ischemic more easily
75
What is the effect of dysrhythmias in the context of compensatory mechanisms?
Can arise due to changes in the heart structure ## Footnote Related to ventricular remodeling
76
What occurs during ventricular dilation?
Enlargement of heart chambers due to elevated pressure in the left ventricle ## Footnote Initially effective in maintaining CO and BP
77
What happens to cardiac muscle fibers during ventricular dilation?
Stretch in response to blood volume at the end of diastole ## Footnote Stretch related to contraction (systole)
78
What is the eventual outcome of prolonged ventricular dilation?
Muscle fibers become overstretched, leading to decreased CO ## Footnote Mechanism becomes inadequate over time
79
What is systemic hypertension?
A condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated ## Footnote It is a major risk factor for heart disease and can lead to various complications.
80
What condition can some patients with myocardial infarction (MI) develop?
Heart failure (HF) ## Footnote This occurs due to the damage to the heart muscle from the MI.
81
What are some consequences of structural heart changes?
They can lead to various forms of heart failure ## Footnote Structural changes can include hypertrophy, dilation, and valve dysfunction.
82
What often causes right-sided heart failure in the absence of left-sided heart failure?
Pulmonary problems ## Footnote Conditions such as chronic lung disease can lead to increased pressure in the right heart.
83
What is the etiology of heart failure?
It includes various factors such as systemic hypertension, myocardial infarction, and structural heart changes ## Footnote Understanding the etiology is crucial for effective treatment.
84
What is the first step in assessing heart failure?
Recognize cues
85
What history should be considered in heart failure assessment?
History of heart conditions
86
What aspect of a patient's condition relates to their ability to perform physical tasks?
Activity tolerance
87
Which patterns should be evaluated in a heart failure assessment?
Breathing, sleeping, urinary patterns
88
What is left-sided failure?
A condition where the left side of the heart cannot effectively pump blood to the body. ## Footnote Left-sided heart failure can lead to fluid accumulation in the lungs.
89
What is dyspnea?
Difficulty or labored breathing. ## Footnote Dyspnea can be a symptom of various conditions, including heart failure.
90
What is exertional dyspnea?
Shortness of breath that occurs during physical activity. ## Footnote It is commonly seen in patients with heart failure.
91
What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea?
Sudden episodes of shortness of breath that occur at night while sleeping. ## Footnote This condition often wakes patients from sleep and can indicate worsening heart failure.
92
What are common symptoms of left-sided heart failure?
* Dyspnea * Exertional dyspnea * Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea * Fatigue * Weakness * Arm heaviness * Chest pain or palpitations * Skipped beats * Fast rate ## Footnote These symptoms result from fluid accumulation and decreased cardiac output.
93
Fill in the blank: Exertional dyspnea is characterized by _______.
[shortness of breath during physical activity]
94
True or False: Chest pain can be a symptom of left-sided heart failure.
True ## Footnote Chest pain or palpitations can occur due to the heart's compromised function.
95
What is a common sign of right-sided heart failure?
Jugular vein distention ## Footnote Indicates increased pressure in the right atrium.
96
What physical change can indicate fluid retention in the abdomen?
Increased abdominal girth ## Footnote Can be a sign of ascites.
97
What condition is characterized by swelling in the lower extremities due to fluid accumulation?
Dependent edema ## Footnote Commonly seen in heart failure.
98
What is the medical term for an enlarged liver often seen in heart failure?
Hepatomegaly ## Footnote Can indicate congestion in the liver.
99
What test involves assessing jugular vein distention in relation to liver size?
Hepatojugular reflux: exam sign when jugular veins distend when pressure is applied to the liver ## Footnote Used to evaluate right heart function.
100
What is the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity called?
Ascites ## Footnote Often associated with liver disease or heart failure.
101
What is the most reliable indicator of fluid gain or loss?
Weight ## Footnote Should be monitored regularly in patients with heart failure.
102
What is CXR (Chest X-ray)?
A standard imaging technique to visualize the heart, lungs, and surrounding structures. ## Footnote CXR can reveal fluid buildup in the lungs, enlarged heart, or signs of heart failure.
103
Why is CXR important in heart failure assessment?
It can reveal fluid buildup in the lungs (pulmonary edema), enlarged heart, or other signs of heart failure. ## Footnote These findings are crucial for diagnosing and managing heart failure.
104
What is Echocardiography?
A non-invasive ultrasound test that provides real-time images of the heart's structure and function. ## Footnote It allows assessment of heart pumping, size of chambers, valve problems, and structural issues.
105
Why does Echocardiography matter in heart failure?
It allows doctors to see how well the heart is pumping and check for valve problems. ## Footnote This information is essential for diagnosing and monitoring heart failure.
106
What are Radionucleotide Studies?
Imaging that uses small amounts of radioactive material to evaluate heart function. ## Footnote These studies can show blood flow through the heart and assess the heart’s pumping ability.
107
Why are Radionucleotide Studies important?
They can show blood flow through the heart, identify areas with poor perfusion, and assess pumping ability. ## Footnote This information is crucial for evaluating heart failure.
108
What is a MUGA (Multiple Gated Acquisition) Scan?
A type of nuclear imaging that evaluates the heart’s pumping function, particularly the ventricles. ## Footnote It specifically measures the ejection fraction, critical for assessing heart failure severity.
109
Why is the ejection fraction important in heart failure?
It tells how well the heart is pumping blood, which is a critical indicator of heart failure severity. ## Footnote Monitoring ejection fraction helps guide treatment decisions.
110
What is Direct Assessment of Cardiac Function and Volume Status?
Using invasive techniques to directly measure how well the heart is pumping and the amount of fluid in the body. ## Footnote This provides a more accurate picture of heart performance than non-invasive methods.
111
Why is invasive monitoring important?
It can provide a more accurate picture of the heart's performance and volume status. ## Footnote This is particularly useful in severe cases of heart failure.
112
What does PAP (Pulmonary Artery Pressure) measure?
The pressure in the pulmonary artery, which carries blood from the heart to the lungs. ## Footnote Elevated PAP can indicate increased strain on the heart and is associated with pulmonary hypertension.
113
Why is PAP important in heart failure?
Elevated PAP can indicate increased strain on the heart and is often associated with pulmonary hypertension. ## Footnote This condition is a common complication of heart failure.
114
What is PAWP (Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure)?
A measurement of the pressure in the pulmonary artery after it has been temporarily occluded, reflecting the left side of the heart's function. ## Footnote Elevated PAWP suggests inefficient pumping by the left side of the heart. (Left sided HF) Mitrial valve disease Fluid overload
115
Why does elevated PAWP matter?
It suggests that the left side of the heart is not pumping efficiently, leading to fluid backup in the lungs. ## Footnote This is a hallmark of heart failure.
116
What is one of the earliest symptoms related to decreased cardiac output?
Fatigue ## Footnote Fatigue is often one of the first indicators of heart failure due to decreased cardiac output.
117
What symptom is related to increased pulmonary pressure secondary to interstitial and alveolar edema?
Dyspnea ## Footnote Dyspnea occurs due to fluid accumulation in the lungs, making it harder to breathe.
118
What should be asked about to assess orthopnea?
Sleeping position ## Footnote Orthopnea refers to difficulty breathing while lying flat, often requiring patients to sleep in an upright position.
119
What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea characterized by?
Panic and feelings of suffocation, and a strong desire to sit or stand up ## Footnote This symptom occurs at night and is an indication of worsening heart failure.
120
What is tachycardia related to in heart failure?
First compensatory mechanism ## Footnote Tachycardia is a response to maintain adequate cardiac output despite heart failure.
121
What is one of the first signs of heart failure?
Cough ## Footnote A cough may indicate fluid buildup in the lungs associated with heart failure.
122
What is a common clinical manifestation of heart failure related to fluid retention?
Edema – dependent, abd, lungs ## Footnote Edema refers to swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body's tissues.
123
What weight change might indicate acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF)?
Weight gain >3lb in 2 days ## Footnote Rapid weight gain can indicate fluid retention, a sign of worsening heart failure.
124
What causes nocturia in patients with heart failure?
Extravascular fluid reabsorbed from interstitial spaces back into circulatory system ## Footnote This process increases perfusion to the kidneys, resulting in increased urination at night.
125
What skin change may be observed in heart failure patients?
Dusky appearance ## Footnote Skin changes can indicate poor circulation and oxygenation in heart failure.
126
What behavioral changes may occur in patients with heart failure?
Restless, confusion, decreased attention/memory ## Footnote These changes can be due to decreased perfusion to the brain.
127
What symptom related to the chest may be present in heart failure?
Chest pain ## Footnote Chest pain can occur due to various factors, including ischemia or fluid overload.
128
What does the 'U' in the 'UNLOAD FAST' mnemonic stand for?
Upright Position ## Footnote Positioning the patient in an upright or sitting position helps improve breathing by allowing gravity to pull fluid away from the lungs.
129
Why is the upright position important in heart failure?
It allows gravity to pull fluid away from the lungs, improving breathing and relieving pulmonary edema.
130
What does the 'N' in the 'UNLOAD FAST' mnemonic represent?
Nitrates ## Footnote Administering nitrates such as nitroglycerin to the patient.
131
How do nitrates help in heart failure?
They dilate blood vessels, reducing venous return and the heart's workload.
132
What does the 'L' in the 'UNLOAD FAST' mnemonic stand for?
Lasix: Loop Diuretics ## Footnote Administering loop diuretics like furosemide.
133
What is the effect of loop diuretics on the body?
They help remove excess fluid, reducing preload and relieving pulmonary and peripheral edema.
134
What does the 'O' in the 'UNLOAD FAST' mnemonic signify?
Oxygen ## Footnote Providing oxygen therapy to the patient.
135
Why is oxygen therapy important in heart failure?
It improves oxygen saturation in the blood, alleviating hypoxia and reducing strain on the heart.
136
What does the 'A' in the 'UNLOAD FAST' mnemonic refer to?
ACE Inhibitors ## Footnote Administering ACE inhibitors like enalapril or lisinopril.
137
How do ACE inhibitors benefit heart failure patients?
They block the enzyme converting angiotensin I to angiotensin II, leading to vasodilation and reduced afterload.
138
What does the 'D' in the 'UNLOAD FAST' mnemonic stand for?
Digoxin ## Footnote Administering digoxin, a cardiac glycoside.
139
What is the effect of digoxin on the heart?
It increases the force of heart contractions and helps regulate heart rate.
140
What does the 'F' in the 'UNLOAD FAST' mnemonic represent?
Fluids (Careful management) ## Footnote Managing fluids carefully, often restricting fluid intake.
141
Why is careful fluid management crucial in heart failure?
It prevents excess fluid overload, which can worsen heart failure symptoms.
142
What does the 'A' in the 'UNLOAD FAST' mnemonic signify in a different context?
Afterload Reduction ## Footnote Reducing afterload to ease the heart's pumping effort.
143
What medications can help reduce afterload?
ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and nitroprusside.
144
What does the 'S' in the 'UNLOAD FAST' mnemonic stand for?
Sodium restriction ## Footnote
145
How do beta-blockers assist in heart failure management?
They slow the heart rate, reduce blood pressure, and decrease the workload on the heart.
146
What does the 'T' in the 'UNLOAD FAST' mnemonic represent?
Tests: digoxin levels, ABGs, potassium level) ## Footnote Administering thrombolytics if a pulmonary embolism or coronary artery thrombosis is suspected.
147
When are thrombolytics used in heart failure treatment?
If heart failure is caused or worsened by a blood clot.
148
What are examples of diuretics?
* Lasix * Aldactone
149
What class of medications do ACE inhibitors belong to?
They are often referred to as 'prils'.
150
What are ARBs and give an example?
Angiotensin II receptor blockers; for example, Losartan.
151
What is the common suffix for beta blockers?
'olol'
152
What type of medications are nitrates categorized as?
Vasodilators
153
What is the purpose of positive inotropes in heart failure?
To increase the force of heart contractions and increase cardiac output Ex. Digoxin(slows hr), dobutamine (increases hr)
154
What is an example of a positive inotrope?
Digoxin
155
What is a consequence of decreased gas exchange in the context of heart failure?
Ventilation/perfusion imbalance ## Footnote This imbalance can lead to inadequate oxygenation of blood.
156
What can lead to decreased perfusion in heart failure?
Inadequate cardiac output ## Footnote This is often due to the heart's inability to pump effectively.
157
What condition may develop due to left-sided heart failure?
Pulmonary edema ## Footnote This occurs when fluid accumulates in the lungs, affecting gas exchange.
158
What are the goals for managing heart failure?
* Increasing gas exchange * Increasing perfusion * Preventing or managing pulmonary edema ## Footnote These goals aim to improve overall patient health and quality of life.
159
What is a key aspect of home care management for heart failure patients?
Self-management education ## Footnote This includes teaching patients about their condition and how to manage symptoms.
160
What dietary considerations should heart failure patients monitor?
* Fluid intake * Sodium ## Footnote Both can significantly impact heart function and fluid retention.
161
How should patients monitor fluid retention?
Monitor for weight gain ## Footnote 1 kg of weight gain or loss equals 1 L of retained or lost fluid.
162
What is the relationship between weight change and fluid retention in heart failure?
1 kg of weight gain or loss equals 1 L of retained or lost fluid ## Footnote This relationship helps patients recognize fluid balance.
163
What lifestyle adjustments are important for heart failure management?
* Activity * Rest ## Footnote Balancing activity and rest is crucial for managing symptoms.
164
What types of health care resources are available for heart failure patients?
* Home health * Ambulatory care clinic ## Footnote These resources provide support and monitoring for patients outside of hospital settings.
165
What are the primary types of valvular heart diseases?
* Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) * Aortic Stenosis (AS) * Aortic Regurgitation (AR) * Mitral Stenosis (MS) * Mitral Regurgitation (MR) ## Footnote These conditions affect the mitral and aortic valves.
166
What is the most common cause of Mitral Stenosis?
Rheumatic fever ## Footnote It is a complication of untreated streptococcal throat infection.
167
What symptoms may indicate Mitral Stenosis?
* Dyspnea on exertion * Orthopnea * Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea * Palpitations * Dry cough ## Footnote Symptoms can vary based on severity.
168
What causes Mitral Regurgitation?
* Mitral valve prolapse * Rheumatic heart disease * Infective endocarditis * Myocardial infarction (MI) * Connective tissue diseases * Dilated cardiomyopathy ## Footnote These conditions lead to backward flow of blood into the left atrium.
169
How does Mitral Regurgitation typically progress?
Progresses slowly; patient may be symptom-free for decades ## Footnote Symptoms develop gradually and may include fatigue and respiratory changes.
170
What are the common symptoms of Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)?
* Chest pain * Palpitations * Exercise intolerance ## Footnote more Mitral Valve Prolapse Diagram & Drawings Mitral valve prolapse (MVP), also known as floppy mitral valve syndrome, occurs when the mitral valve flaps bulge or flop backward into the left atrium during the heart's contraction. This can prevent the valve from closing properly, potentially allowing blood to leak backward, a condition called mitral valve regurgitation. Most people with MVP are asymptomatic.
171
What is Aortic Stenosis primarily characterized by?
It is a disease of 'wear and tear' ## Footnote Most common valve dysfunction in the U.S.
172
What indicates the need for surgery in Aortic Stenosis?
When the surface area of the valve is 1 cm or less ## Footnote Surgery is indicated urgently at this stage.
173
What symptoms are associated with Aortic Regurgitation?
* Exertional dyspnea * Orthopnea * Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea * Palpitations (severe disease) ## Footnote Symptoms may take years to develop.
174
What are the two main types of surgical management for valvular heart disease?
* Invasive procedures * Non-invasive procedures ## Footnote Management strategies can vary based on patient condition.
175
What is Balloon Valvuloplasty used for?
Used for mitral stenosis and aortic stenosis ## Footnote Best for patients with non-calcified, mobile mitral valves.
176
What is Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR)?
Less invasive valve replacement via catheter ## Footnote Alternative for aortic stenosis patients not candidates for open surgery.
177
What are the characteristics of Mechanical valves?
* Last longer (20+ years) * Require lifelong blood thinners (anticoagulation) ## Footnote Mechanical valves are durable but require careful management.
178
What are the characteristics of Tissue valves?
* Closer to natural valves * No lifelong blood thinners needed * Shorter lifespan (8–10 years) ## Footnote Tissue valves may require replacement sooner than mechanical valves.

Med Surg1 Exam 3 (22 decks)

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