cardio

Question 1

in which part of the chest is the heart found

Answer 1

middle mediastinum

Question 2

what is the fibrous pericardium

Answer 2

an outermost, thick, fibrous, connective tissue layer

Question 3

describe the composition of the heart wall

Answer 3

an inner endocardium composed of many layers of squamous epithelium
a middle myocardium composed of many layers of cardiac muscle
an outer epicardium composed of a single layer of squamous epithelium

Question 4

what protective role is fulfilled by the fibrous pericardium

Answer 4

protects heart against overfilling because it is unyielding and closely related to the great vessels

Question 5

what is cardiac tamponade

Answer 5

occurs when excess fluid accumulates within the pericardial cavity, impedes the normal filling of the heart

Question 6

which layer of the pericardium are innervated by pain fibres

Answer 6

parietal

Question 7

what role do the auricles have in adults

Answer 7

collects oxygenates blood and deoxygenated blood and moved into left/right ventricle

Question 8

what chamber forms the apex of the heart

Answer 8

left ventricle

Question 9

what chamber forms the base of the heart

Answer 9

left atrium

Question 10

what is the fossa ovalis a remnant of

Answer 10

foramen ovale

Question 11

what function did the foramen ovale have

Answer 11

shunt that bypasses the lungs

Question 12

how is atrial septal defect characterised

Answer 12

defect in the interartrial septum allowing a pulmonary venous return from the left atrium to pass directly to the right atrium

Question 13

what is the function of the moderator band

Answer 13

connects the intraventricular septum with the anterior wall of right ventricle

Question 14

how many cusps and papillary muscles are found in the right ventricle

Answer 14

3,3

Question 15

which valve guards the entry from the left atrium to the left. ventricle ventricle

Answer 15

bicuspid (mitral)

Question 16

what is the function of papillary muscles

Answer 16

prevent inversion or prolapse of valves on systole

Question 17

what is the function of the chordae tendineae

Answer 17

connects papillary muscles to tricuspid and mitral valve in heart

Question 18

what is the heart wall supplied by

Answer 18

coronary arteries

Question 19

how is the blood drained from the heart

Answer 19

cardiac veins almost entirely to the coronary sinus

Question 20

from which part of the aorta do the coronary arteries arise

Answer 20

aortic sinus of ascending aorta

Question 21

which pair of coronary arteries anastomoses one in the coronary sulcus

Answer 21

right coronary and circumflex

Question 22

what are venae cordis minimae

Answer 22

small veins which drain the heart wall directly into each chamber of the heart

Question 23

what is the role of the aorta

Answer 23

carries oxygenated blood around the body

Question 24

at which vertebral level does the aortic arch occur at

Answer 24

T4

Question 25

at which vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate

Answer 25

L4

Question 26

at which vertebral level do the common iliac arteries bifurcate

Answer 26

L5

Question 27

which chest wall arteries arise from the descending abdominal aorta

Answer 27

posterior intercostal, subcostal arteries, superior and inferior left bronchial arteries

Question 28

which chest wall artery arises from the internal thoracic artery

Answer 28

anterior intercostal

Question 29

which artery gives origin to the internal thoracic artery

Answer 29

subclavian artery

Question 30

describe the differences between arteries and veins

Answer 30

- arteries have branches, veins have tributaries - arteries always lead away from the heart and veins towards the heart, irrespective of the oxygen content of blood carried - the great arteries leaving the heart are the aorta and pulmonary trunk - the great veins entering the heart are the superior vena cava and inferior vena cave

Question 31

what does the superior vena cava drain

Answer 31

drains blood from the head, neck and upper limbs

Question 32

what does the inferior vena cava drain

Answer 32

drains blood from abdominal and pelvic cavities and lower limbs

Question 33

name the tributaries of the SVC

Answer 33

left and right brachiocephalic veins | azygos vein

Question 34

name the tributaries of the IVC

Answer 34

left and right common iliac veins

Question 35

describe the azygos venous system

Answer 35

drains blood from the posterior intercostal veins to the SVC. Consists of azygos vein on right side, and hemiazygos Venous system on left side

Question 36

into which vein does the azygos vein drain

Answer 36

superior vena cava

Question 37

at which bony point does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery

Answer 37

lateral border of first rib

Question 38

in which area of the upper limb does the brachial artery branch into radial and ulnar artery

Answer 38

cubital fossa

Question 39

state the palpable lower limb pulses

Answer 39

femoral, popliteal, dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial arteries

Question 40

the femoral artery is a distal continuation of which artery

Answer 40

external iliac

Question 41

what is deep vein thrombosis

Answer 41

the formation of a blood clot within a deep vein predominantly in the legs

Question 42

what is pulmonary embolism

Answer 42

a potentially life-threatening complication, is caused by the detachment of the clot that travels to the lungs

Question 43

describe varicose veins

Answer 43

veins that have become enlarged and twisted. when veins become varicose, the leaflets of the valves no longer meet properly, and the valves do not work (valvular incompetence). This allows blood to flow backwards and they enlarge even more.

Question 44

where does the thoracic duct drain

Answer 44

3/4ths of the body to the medial end of the left subclavian vein

Question 45

where does the right lymphatic duct drain

Answer 45

the right upper quadrant

Question 46

where is the thoracic duct is located

Answer 46

on the vertebral bodies between the azygos vein and the descending thoracic thoracic aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall

Question 47

where does the thoracic duct commence

Answer 47

L1 as the cisterna chyli

Question 48

name the parietal lymph nodes of the thorax

Answer 48

parasternal, phrenic,intercostal

Question 49

what are purkinje cells

Answer 49

modified cardiac muscles cells that spontaneously generate electrical impulses

Question 50

where does SA node lie

Answer 50

near the opening of the SVC in then right atrium

Question 51

where does AV node lie

Answer 51

in inferior part of intertribal septum

Question 52

where does the atrioventricular bundle of His lie

Answer 52

within each side of the inter ventricular septum

Question 53

where does the heart lie when recumbent

Answer 53

in front of the oesophagus and vertebra T5-T8

Question 54

where is the apex beat located

Answer 54

5th left intercostal space, in the midclavicular line

Question 55

which chamber forms the right border of heart

Answer 55

right atrium

Question 56

which chamber forms the left border of the heart

Answer 56

left ventricle

Question 57

which chamber forms the inferior border of the heart

Answer 57

left ventricle

Question 58

which chamber forms the superior border of the heart

Answer 58

left and right atrium

Question 59

anterior to which four vertebrae is the heart situated

Answer 59

T5-8

Question 60

in which order do the heart valves lie

Answer 60

p- a- m - t

Question 61

where would you listen for the pulmonary valve

Answer 61

2nd left space, parasternally

Question 62

where would you listen for the aortic valve

Answer 62

2nd right space, parasternally

Question 63

where would you listen for the mitral valve

Answer 63

5th left space, mid clavicular line (apex)

Question 64

where would you listen for the tricuspid valve

Answer 64

over lower sternum, or just to right of it

Question 65

name the layers of the heart

Answer 65

tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia

Question 66

state the types of arteries

Answer 66

elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles

Question 67

what type of artery are the aorta and pulmonary trunk

Answer 67

conducting and elastic

Question 68

what type of artery are the radial and femoral arteries

Answer 68

muscular and distributing

Question 69

what tissue predominates in the tunica media of arterioles

Answer 69

smooth muscle

Question 70

what are valves formed from

Answer 70

tunica intima

Question 71

what is an aneurysm of the arch of the aorta

Answer 71

a bulging and weakness in the wall of the aortic arch

Question 72

what does the azygos vein drain

Answer 72

posterior intercostal vein

Question 73

what controls the intrinsic rhythmicity of the myocardium

Answer 73

a pacemaker situated adjacent to the opening of the IVC in the right atrium