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neurology Flashcards

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1
Q

state the parts of the brain

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
diencephalon
brainstem

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2
Q

embryologically, which two vesicles of the neural tube give rise to the brainstem

A

mesencephalon and hindbrain

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3
Q

what are the cavities (of the ventricular system) that lie within the brainstem

A

cerebral aqueduct

IV ventricle

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4
Q

what cranial nerves can you see emerging from the pontomedullary junction

A
  • V emerges from the lateral aspect of mid points
  • VI emerges from the pontomedullary junction
  • VII emerges from the cerebellopontine angle
  • VIII emerges lateral to the facial nerve
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5
Q

what is the function of the olives

A

sends signals to cerebellum

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6
Q

what is the function of the pyramids

A

contains corticospinal fibres- regulates muscle fibres

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7
Q

what is the function of the decussation of the pyramids

A

marks border between spinal cord and medulla oblongata - marks crossing

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8
Q

what structure does the “open” part of the medulla open into

A

IV ventricle

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9
Q

through which foramen does the medulla pass to become the spinal cord

A

foramen magnum

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10
Q

what is the middle cerebellar peduncle made up of

A

centripetal fibre - fibres of pontine nuclei

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11
Q

what part of the brain lies immediately superior to midbrain

A

forebrain cerebellum

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12
Q

what part of the brain lies immediately inferior to the midbrain

A

pons

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13
Q

what is the diencephalon made up of

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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14
Q

what are the surface projections visible on the surface of the hypothalamus

A

maxillary body and lamina terminalis

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15
Q

what is the name given to the midline structure connecting the two cerebellar hemisphere

A

vermis

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16
Q

name the three lobes of each cerebellar hemisphere

A

anterior, posterior and flucculondar

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17
Q

what is the name of the ventricular space that lies immediately anterior to the cerebellum

A

fourth ventricle

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18
Q

identify the foramen in the skull that the cerebellum sits above

A

foramen magnum

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19
Q

what is it called when tonsils may herniate through the Forman magnum

A

cerebellar coning

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20
Q

what are the lobes of the brain

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

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21
Q

what name is given to the large fissure separating the to cerebral hemispheres

A

longitudinal fissure

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22
Q

what type of nerves fibres are found in the corpus callosum

A

commissural

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23
Q

what is the tentorium cerebelli

A

fold of dura mater that covers the cerebellum

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24
Q

name the key surface features on the brain

A
  1. lateral sylvian fissure
  2. central sulcus
  3. parieto- occipital sulcus
  4. calcimine sulcus
  5. frontal pole
  6. occipital pole
  7. temporal pole
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25
list the functional areas of the cerebral hemispheres
``` motor cortex sensory cortex wernickes area visual cortex auditory cortex brocas area ```
26
which lobe contains the primary motor cortex
frontal lobe
27
which lobe contains the primary visual cortex
occipital lobe
28
what lobe contains the primary sensory cortex
parietal lobe
29
what lobe contains the primary auditory cortex
temporal lobe
30
what parts of the vertebrae have to be removed to open up the spinal cord
lamina
31
what structures apart from the spinal cord and the meninges lie in the spinal canal
cerebral spinal fluid
32
at what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate
the adult - L1/L2 | the new born - L3
33
at what vertebral level do the dura mater terminate
S2/S3
34
At what vertebral level do es the arachnoid mater terminate
S2
35
what happens to the Pia mater inferior to the spinal cord
fuses with filum terminale
36
at what vertebral level would you perform a lumbar puncture on an adult
L3-L4
37
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there
31
38
what are upper motor and lower motor neurones and where are they located
form a 2 neurone circuit, upper motor neurones originate in the cerebral cortex and travel down the brain stem, lower motor neurones begin at the spinal cord
39
describe the blood supply to the brain
there are two paired arteries which are responsible for the blood supply to the brain; the vertebral arteries and the internal carotid arteries
40
from which arteries do the left and right vertebral arteries arise
subclavian artery
41
at which vertebral level do the left and right internal carotid arteries arise
C4
42
How is the basilar artery formed and which part of the brainstem is it most closely related to
formed from the confluence of vertebral arteries, directly supplies brainstem and cerebellum
43
what artery supplies the primary motor cortex
branches of middle cerebral artery, anterior cerebral artery
44
what artery supplies the primary sensory cortex
anterior/ middle cerebral artery
45
what artery supplies the primary visual cortex
posterior cerebral artery
46
what artery supplies the primary auditory area
middle cerebral artery
47
what artery supplies the area for olfaction
posterior olfactory artery - anterior cerebral artery
48
what parts of the brain do the vertebra-basilar arteries supply
cerebellum, brainstem, midbrain
49
describe the carotid sinus
it is a pressure receptor which monitors the flow of blood to the head. Sensory nerves from the carotid sinus runs in the glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve
50
describe the venous drainage of the brain
the brain is drained by a series of veins which drain into dural sinuses
51
into which veins in the neck do these dural venous sinuses drain into
internal jugular which passes through the jugular foramen
52
describe emissary veins
small veins that connect the cranial venous sinuses with the dipoles of the skull
53
what is the location of the cavernous sinus
each side of sella turica
54
what structures does the falx cereberi separate
right and left cerebral hemispheres
55
what is the fold of dura that surrounds the pituitary stalk called
diaphragma sellae
56
which foramen does the middle meningeal artery enter
foramen spinosum
57
which artery is the maxillary artery a terminal branch of and within which glandular structure is it given off
external carotid artery, parotid gland
58
what embryological structure do ventricles form from
neural tube
59
what is the name given to the specialised structures that lie in the ventricles that generate CSF
choroid plexus
60
how does CSF pass into the subarachnoid space from the 4th ventricle
foramen of lushar and foramen of magendie
61
name the 4 parts of the corpus callosum
splenium trunk genum rostrum
62
describe septum pellucidum
a thin sheet which lies in the mod saggital plane and separates the anterior horns of the two lateral ventricles
63
what is the bulbous projection on the flower of the lateral ventricle called
caudate nucleus
64
what is the thalamus
a sensory relay area made up of smaller masses of grey matter nuclei, each with different functions.
65
state some functions of the hypothalamus
- autonomic functions - sleep-wake cycle - temperature regulation - circadian rhythm control - endocrine functions - reward-punishment
66
what structures make up the basal ganglia
lentiform nucleus and caudate nucleus
67
which cerebral artery through one of its branches supplies the internal capsule
middle cerebral artery
68
which group of structures is the substantia nigra functionally a part of
midbrain
69
state the 3 coronal sections of the brain
1. anterior section - in the coronal plane that passes just posterior to the optic chaism 2. middle section - in the coronal plane that passes just posterior to the optic chasm 3. posterior section - in the coronal plane that passes through the selenium (posterior part) of the corpus callosum
70
which aspect of the spinal cord receives sensory nerve fibres
dorsal column
71
from which aspect of the spinal cord do motor nerve fibres project
ventral column
72
describe cranial nerve I
olfactory - cribifrom plate - sensory
73
describe cranial nerve II
optic - optic canal - sensory
74
describe cranial nerve III
oculomotor - superior orbital fissure - motor - PS
75
describe cranial nerve IV
trochlear - superior orbital fissure - motor
76
describe cranial nerve V
trigrminal- 3 branches - both
77
describe cranial nerve V1
ophthalmic - superior orbital fissure
78
describe cranial nerve V2
maxillary - foramen rotundum
79
describe cranial nerve V3
mandibular - foramen ovale -
80
describe cranial nerve VI
abducens - superior orbital fissure - motor
81
describe cranial nerve VII
facial - internal acoustic meatus - both - PS
82
describe cranial nerve VIII
vestibulocochlear - internal acoustic meatus -sensory
83
describe cranial nerve IX
glossopharyngeal - jugular foramen - both - PS
84
describe cranial nerve X
vagus - jugular foramen - both - PS
85
describe cranial nerve XI
accessory - jugular foramen - motor
86
describe cranial nerve XII
hypoglossal - hypoglossal canal - motor
87
what cranial nerve can be tested by pupillary light reflex
optic nerve
88
what cranial nerve can be tested by touch over the surface of cheek
maxillary nerve
89
what cranial nerve would be testing if you asked a patient to stick their tongue out
hypoglossal nerve

anatomy (12 decks)

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