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anatomy > neurology > Flashcards

neurology Flashcards

1
Q

state the parts of the brain

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
diencephalon
brainstem

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2
Q

embryologically, which two vesicles of the neural tube give rise to the brainstem

A

mesencephalon and hindbrain

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3
Q

what are the cavities (of the ventricular system) that lie within the brainstem

A

cerebral aqueduct

IV ventricle

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4
Q

what cranial nerves can you see emerging from the pontomedullary junction

A
  • V emerges from the lateral aspect of mid points
  • VI emerges from the pontomedullary junction
  • VII emerges from the cerebellopontine angle
  • VIII emerges lateral to the facial nerve
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5
Q

what is the function of the olives

A

sends signals to cerebellum

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6
Q

what is the function of the pyramids

A

contains corticospinal fibres- regulates muscle fibres

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7
Q

what is the function of the decussation of the pyramids

A

marks border between spinal cord and medulla oblongata - marks crossing

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8
Q

what structure does the “open” part of the medulla open into

A

IV ventricle

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9
Q

through which foramen does the medulla pass to become the spinal cord

A

foramen magnum

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10
Q

what is the middle cerebellar peduncle made up of

A

centripetal fibre - fibres of pontine nuclei

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11
Q

what part of the brain lies immediately superior to midbrain

A

forebrain cerebellum

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12
Q

what part of the brain lies immediately inferior to the midbrain

A

pons

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13
Q

what is the diencephalon made up of

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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14
Q

what are the surface projections visible on the surface of the hypothalamus

A

maxillary body and lamina terminalis

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15
Q

what is the name given to the midline structure connecting the two cerebellar hemisphere

A

vermis

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16
Q

name the three lobes of each cerebellar hemisphere

A

anterior, posterior and flucculondar

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17
Q

what is the name of the ventricular space that lies immediately anterior to the cerebellum

A

fourth ventricle

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18
Q

identify the foramen in the skull that the cerebellum sits above

A

foramen magnum

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19
Q

what is it called when tonsils may herniate through the Forman magnum

A

cerebellar coning

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20
Q

what are the lobes of the brain

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

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21
Q

what name is given to the large fissure separating the to cerebral hemispheres

A

longitudinal fissure

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22
Q

what type of nerves fibres are found in the corpus callosum

A

commissural

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23
Q

what is the tentorium cerebelli

A

fold of dura mater that covers the cerebellum

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24
Q

name the key surface features on the brain

A
  1. lateral sylvian fissure
  2. central sulcus
  3. parieto- occipital sulcus
  4. calcimine sulcus
  5. frontal pole
  6. occipital pole
  7. temporal pole
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25
Q

list the functional areas of the cerebral hemispheres

A 
motor cortex
sensory cortex 
wernickes area 
visual cortex 
auditory cortex
brocas area
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26
Q

which lobe contains the primary motor cortex

A

frontal lobe

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27
Q

which lobe contains the primary visual cortex

A

occipital lobe

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28
Q

what lobe contains the primary sensory cortex

A

parietal lobe

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29
Q

what lobe contains the primary auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe

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30
Q

what parts of the vertebrae have to be removed to open up the spinal cord

A

lamina

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31
Q

what structures apart from the spinal cord and the meninges lie in the spinal canal

A

cerebral spinal fluid

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32
Q

at what vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate

A

the adult - L1/L2

the new born - L3

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33
Q

at what vertebral level do the dura mater terminate

A

S2/S3

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34
Q

At what vertebral level do es the arachnoid mater terminate

A

S2

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35
Q

what happens to the Pia mater inferior to the spinal cord

A

fuses with filum terminale

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36
Q

at what vertebral level would you perform a lumbar puncture on an adult

A

L3-L4

37
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

A

31

38
Q

what are upper motor and lower motor neurones and where are they located

A

form a 2 neurone circuit, upper motor neurones originate in the cerebral cortex and travel down the brain stem, lower motor neurones begin at the spinal cord

39
Q

describe the blood supply to the brain

A

there are two paired arteries which are responsible for the blood supply to the brain; the vertebral arteries and the internal carotid arteries

40
Q

from which arteries do the left and right vertebral arteries arise

A

subclavian artery

41
Q

at which vertebral level do the left and right internal carotid arteries arise

A

C4

42
Q

How is the basilar artery formed and which part of the brainstem is it most closely related to

A

formed from the confluence of vertebral arteries, directly supplies brainstem and cerebellum

43
Q

what artery supplies the primary motor cortex

A

branches of middle cerebral artery, anterior cerebral artery

44
Q

what artery supplies the primary sensory cortex

A

anterior/ middle cerebral artery

45
Q

what artery supplies the primary visual cortex

A

posterior cerebral artery

46
Q

what artery supplies the primary auditory area

A

middle cerebral artery

47
Q

what artery supplies the area for olfaction

A

posterior olfactory artery - anterior cerebral artery

48
Q

what parts of the brain do the vertebra-basilar arteries supply

A

cerebellum, brainstem, midbrain

49
Q

describe the carotid sinus

A

it is a pressure receptor which monitors the flow of blood to the head. Sensory nerves from the carotid sinus runs in the glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve

50
Q

describe the venous drainage of the brain

A

the brain is drained by a series of veins which drain into dural sinuses

51
Q

into which veins in the neck do these dural venous sinuses drain into

A

internal jugular which passes through the jugular foramen

52
Q

describe emissary veins

A

small veins that connect the cranial venous sinuses with the dipoles of the skull

53
Q

what is the location of the cavernous sinus

A

each side of sella turica

54
Q

what structures does the falx cereberi separate

A

right and left cerebral hemispheres

55
Q

what is the fold of dura that surrounds the pituitary stalk called

A

diaphragma sellae

56
Q

which foramen does the middle meningeal artery enter

A

foramen spinosum

57
Q

which artery is the maxillary artery a terminal branch of and within which glandular structure is it given off

A

external carotid artery, parotid gland

58
Q

what embryological structure do ventricles form from

A

neural tube

59
Q

what is the name given to the specialised structures that lie in the ventricles that generate CSF

A

choroid plexus

60
Q

how does CSF pass into the subarachnoid space from the 4th ventricle

A

foramen of lushar and foramen of magendie

61
Q

name the 4 parts of the corpus callosum

A

splenium
trunk
genum
rostrum

62
Q

describe septum pellucidum

A

a thin sheet which lies in the mod saggital plane and separates the anterior horns of the two lateral ventricles

63
Q

what is the bulbous projection on the flower of the lateral ventricle called

A

caudate nucleus

64
Q

what is the thalamus

A

a sensory relay area made up of smaller masses of grey matter nuclei, each with different functions.

65
Q

state some functions of the hypothalamus

A
  • autonomic functions
  • sleep-wake cycle
  • temperature regulation
  • circadian rhythm control
  • endocrine functions
  • reward-punishment
66
Q

what structures make up the basal ganglia

A

lentiform nucleus and caudate nucleus

67
Q

which cerebral artery through one of its branches supplies the internal capsule

A

middle cerebral artery

68
Q

which group of structures is the substantia nigra functionally a part of

A

midbrain

69
Q

state the 3 coronal sections of the brain

A
  1. anterior section - in the coronal plane that passes just posterior to the optic chaism
  2. middle section - in the coronal plane that passes just posterior to the optic chasm
  3. posterior section - in the coronal plane that passes through the selenium (posterior part) of the corpus callosum
70
Q

which aspect of the spinal cord receives sensory nerve fibres

A

dorsal column

71
Q

from which aspect of the spinal cord do motor nerve fibres project

A

ventral column

72
Q

describe cranial nerve I

A

olfactory - cribifrom plate - sensory

73
Q

describe cranial nerve II

A

optic - optic canal - sensory

74
Q

describe cranial nerve III

A

oculomotor - superior orbital fissure - motor - PS

75
Q

describe cranial nerve IV

A

trochlear - superior orbital fissure - motor

76
Q

describe cranial nerve V

A

trigrminal- 3 branches - both

77
Q

describe cranial nerve V1

A

ophthalmic - superior orbital fissure

78
Q

describe cranial nerve V2

A

maxillary - foramen rotundum

79
Q

describe cranial nerve V3

A

mandibular - foramen ovale -

80
Q

describe cranial nerve VI

A

abducens - superior orbital fissure - motor

81
Q

describe cranial nerve VII

A

facial - internal acoustic meatus - both - PS

82
Q

describe cranial nerve VIII

A

vestibulocochlear - internal acoustic meatus -sensory

83
Q

describe cranial nerve IX

A

glossopharyngeal - jugular foramen - both - PS

84
Q

describe cranial nerve X

A

vagus - jugular foramen - both - PS

85
Q

describe cranial nerve XI

A

accessory - jugular foramen - motor

86
Q

describe cranial nerve XII

A

hypoglossal - hypoglossal canal - motor

87
Q

what cranial nerve can be tested by pupillary light reflex

A

optic nerve

88
Q

what cranial nerve can be tested by touch over the surface of cheek

A

maxillary nerve

89
Q

what cranial nerve would be testing if you asked a patient to stick their tongue out

A

hypoglossal nerve

anatomy (12 decks)

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