respiratory

Question 1

at what vertebral level is the xiphoid process located

Answer 1

T10

Question 2

At what vertebral level is the sternomaubrial joint found

Answer 2

T4/T5

Question 3

What are the numbers of typical ribs

Answer 3

3-9

Question 4

which ribs are true ribs

Answer 4

1 to 7

Question 5

which ribs are false ribs

Answer 5

8 to 10

Question 6

which ribs are floating ribs

Answer 6

11 and 12

Question 7

what is special about the 1st rib

Answer 7

it articulates with only a single vertebra

Question 8

what do a typical rib articulate with

Answer 8

the vertebral body of the same number as the rib and the vertebral body immediately above

Question 9

what are the boundaries of the thoracic cage

Answer 9

bounded superiorly by the thoracic inlet, inferiorly by the thoracic outlet, anteriorly by the sternum and costal cartilages, posteriorly by vertebrae T1-T12, laterally by ribs 1-12, and inferiorly by the diaphragm

Question 10

which muscle is primarily used for breathing in a newborn

Answer 10

diaphragm

Question 11

what is the muscle fibre orientation of the external intercostal muscle

Answer 11

inferomedial

Question 12

what is the muscle fibre orientation of the internal intercostal muscle

Answer 12

inferolateral

Question 13

what is the muscle fibre orientation of the innermost intercostal muscle

Answer 13

inferomedial

Question 14

where would you insert a chest drain

Answer 14

5th intercostal space, slightly anterior to mid axillary line, superior to the inferior rib (bottom of space)

Question 15

state the layers of extrapulmonary tubes

Answer 15

mucosa, submucosa, cartilage, adventitia

Question 16

state the layers of the mucosa

Answer 16

the epithelium and a thin loose connective tissue layer called the lamina propria

Question 17

which type of cartilage is found in the respiratory tract

Answer 17

hyaline

Question 18

which connective tissue fibre predominates in lung alveoli

Answer 18

reticulin

Question 19

which type of muscle fibre is found in the reparatory tract

Answer 19

smooth

Question 20

name the two cell types found in the epithelial layer

Answer 20

goblet cells, basal cell

Question 21

in which tissue layer are the secreting glands located

Answer 21

submucosa

Question 22

what cartilage forms the laryngeal prominence

Answer 22

thyroid

Question 23

which cartilages are attached to the vocal cords

Answer 23

arytenoid, thyroid

Question 24

where does the trachea bifurcate

Answer 24

T4

Question 25

what is the name of the keel-shaped cartilage ring at the bifurcation of the trachea called

Answer 25

carina

Question 26

how many lobes does the right lung have

Answer 26

3

Question 27

how many lobes does the left lung have

Answer 27

2

Question 28

define hilum

Answer 28

the area on the medial surface of the lung through which structures enter or leave the lung

Question 29

describe the pulmonary circulation

Answer 29

portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle of the heart

Question 30

describe bronchial circulation

Answer 30

supplies oxygenated blood to the lung tissue and the larger airways

Question 31

what dermatome overlies the sternal angle

Answer 31

T2

Question 32

what dermatome overlies the nipple area

Answer 32

T4

Question 33

what dermatome overlies the umbilicus

Answer 33

T10

Question 34

what dermatome overlies the inguinal region

Answer 34

L1

Question 35

Name the major groups of lymph nodes

Answer 35

``` axillary superficial and deep inguinal pectoral tracheobronchial lumbar/pelvic superficial cervical and deep cervical ```

Question 36

state key features of bronchiole histology

Answer 36

no cartilage, glands or goblet cells

Question 37

what type of epithelium is found in the bronchioles

Answer 37

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar

Question 38

name the three cell types in the wall of an alveoli and give the function of each

Answer 38

type 1 pneumocytes - facilitate type 2 pneumocytes - secrete surfactant macrophages - clear air of infection

Question 39

state the two types of pleura

Answer 39

parietal pleura | visceral pleura

Question 40

what is the name of the space between the two pleura

Answer 40

pleural space or cavity

Question 41

what layer of the pleura enters and lines the fissures of the lungs

Answer 41

viceral

Question 42

what layer of pleura is sensitive to pain

Answer 42

parietal

Question 43

which nerve supplies pain sensation to the pleura

Answer 43

phrenic and intercostal nerves

Question 44

what is a pneumothorax

Answer 44

the presence of air within the plural space

Question 45

what is a haemothorax

Answer 45

presence of blood within the pleural space

Question 46

describe a pleural reflection

Answer 46

occurs where the parietal pleura lining one surface of the chest wall changes its direction to line another surface

Question 47

describe the relationship between rib and parietal pleura

Answer 47

pleura is always 2 spaces more than rib

Question 48

what course does the oblique fissure follow

Answer 48

6th rib

Question 49

what level does the horizontal fissure lie at

Answer 49

level of the 4th rib

Question 50

where would you perform a pleural aspiration

Answer 50

9th intercostal space in midaxillary line

Question 51

what kind of muscle is found in the diaphragm

Answer 51

skeletal

Question 52

what cardiac structure is firmly attached to the central tendon of the diaphragm

Answer 52

fibrous pericardium

Question 53

to which vertebra are the left and right crura attached

Answer 53

Left - L1-L2 | right - L1-L3

Question 54

at what level is the opening for the inferior vena cava

Answer 54

T8

Question 55

at what level is the opening for the oesophagus

Answer 55

T10

Question 56

at what level is the opening for the aorta

Answer 56

T12

Question 57

What is a hiatus hernia

Answer 57

the abnormal protrusion of a structure into the thorax through a tear or weakness in the diaphragm

Question 58

what vertebral levels of the spinal cord contribute to the phrenic nerves

Answer 58

C3-C5

Question 59

on which lung can you find a lingula

Answer 59

left