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reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Define the region known as the pelvis and the perineum describing there boundaries

A

the bony pelvis consists of a true pelvis and false pelvis. It also contains the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet.

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2
Q

state the bony landmarks which make up the pelvic inlet/ pelvic brim

A 
sacral promontory 
puvic tubercle
pubic crest
pecten pubis
ala of sacrum
accurate line of ilium 
pubis symphysis
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3
Q

state the features of the pelvic outlet

A

inferior rami of pubis
inferior margin of pubic symphysis
tip of coccyx
sacrotuberous ligaments

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4
Q

which parts of the pelvis are termed the true pelvis

A

some small bowel, the rectum, the urinary bladder and reproductive organs

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5
Q

which parts of the pelvis are termed the false pelvis

A

pelvic cavity and pelvis viscera

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6
Q

what type of joint is the sacroiliac joint

A

synovial

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7
Q

what type of joint is the pubic symphysis

A

cartilaginous

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8
Q

state the differences between male and female pelvis

A

general structure: M=THICK AND HEAVY, F= THIN AND LIGHT
greater(false) pelvis: M= DEEP, F= SHALLOW
lesser(true) pelvis: M=NARROW AND DEEP, F= WIDE AND SHALLOW
pelvic inlet: M= HEART SHAPED, F= OVAL + ROUNDED
pelvic outlet: M= SMALL, F= LARGE
sub-pubic angel: M= NARROW, F= WIDE
obturator foramen: M=ROUND, F= OVAL
acetabulum: M=LARGE, F=SMALL

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9
Q

what is the anterior-inferior wall of the pelvic cavity formed by

A

the bodies and rami of the pubic bones and the pubic symphysis

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10
Q

state which muscle is present in the posterior wall of the pelvis

A

piriformis

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11
Q

which nerve network lies on the muscle forming the posterior wall of the pelvis

A

the sacral plexus

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12
Q

what are perineal bodies

A

fibromuscular node lying in the midline of perineum

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13
Q

what are anococcygeal body

A

layered musculotendinous intersection the two halves of the elevator ani muscles

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14
Q

which 2 muscles make up the majority of the pelvic floor

A

coccygeus and elevator ani muscles

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15
Q

give two functions of the pelvic diaphragm/floor

A

urinary and faecal continence, resistance to increases in intra-pelvic/abdominal pressure

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16
Q

what is the innervation of the pelvic diaphragm/floor

A

pudendal nerve and branch of the third and fourth sacral motor nerve

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17
Q

what is a cystocele

A

when the wall between the bladder and vagina weakens

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18
Q

what is a recotocele

A

type of prolapse where the supportive wall of tissue between a women rectum and vaginal wall weakness

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19
Q

where do the internal iliac arteries distribute blood too

A

most of the pelvic organs, perineum, gluteal region except the testis, ovary and upper part of rectum.

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20
Q

which part of the rectum drains into the portal circulation

A

superior rectal vein

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21
Q

which part of the rectum drains into the systemic circulation

A

middle and inferior rectal vein

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22
Q

why might haemorrhoids be associated with cirrhosis of the liver

A

leads to swollen and engorged veins within the rectum

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23
Q

with which venous plexus does the prostatic venous plexus communicate with on its posterior side

A

internal vertebral venous plexus

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24
Q

what is important about the internal vertebral venous plexus

A

it is a valveless paravertebral network of veins can provide a channel for the read of cancers of the colon, rectum and prostate

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25
what structures in the male are supplied by the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
scrotal skin and cremaster muscle
26
what is the significance of the genitofemoral nerve
controls cremaster reflex- protects testis
27
describe the pudendal nerve
arises from the sacral plexus and follows the course of the pudendeal artery to innervate the skin and the muscles of the perineum
28
from which segmental level does the pudendal nerve arise
ventral rami of S2,S3 and S4
29
what bony landmarks are used when performing a pudendal nerve block during labour
ischial spines
30
describe the sympathetic fibres supply to the pelvis
originate from L1 and L2 via the hypogastric nerve and terminal aspect of the sympathetic trunk. provide sympathetic supply to all internal pelvic organs. in males, they supply the vas deferent, seminal vesicles, prostate and epididymis in female, they supply the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes and vagina
31
describe the parasympathetic fibres supply to the pelvis
originate from the pelvic splanchnic nerve (S2 to S4) in addition to providing parasympathetic supply to all the internal pelvic organs, they innervate erectile tissues in both male and female.
32
describe lympahtic drainage of the pelvis
external iliac lymph nodes drain lower limb and pelvic viscera internal iliac lymph nodes drain gluteal region, deep perineum and inferior pelvic viscera sacral lymph nodes drain posterior inferior pelvic viscera common iliac lymph nodes drain from the three main groups - external, internal and sacral lymph nodes
33
State the 4 categories of the male reproductive organs
1) the external genitalia 2) the gonads- where games or sex cells are produced and also the site for the production of male sex hormones 3) the tube system- for transporting the sperm from the gonads 4) the accessory glands - these support the sperm and lubricate the copulatory organs
34
what is the name of the canal that the testis passes trough during development
inguinal canal
35
what are the deep and superficial openings of the canal called
deep inguinal ring and the superficial inguinal ring
36
what are the main contents of the spermatic cord
1. vas deferens 2. blood vessels 3. processus vaginalis 4. nerves 5. lymph vessels 6. genital branch of gemitofemoral nerve
37
what is the tough outer fibrous layer of the testis called
tunica
38
what are the two layers of tunica vaginalis
parietal laminae and visceral laminae
39
what material is present between the two layers of tunica vaginalis
vicious fluid
40
what is a hydrocele
swelling in the scrotum
41
what causes the hydrocele
occurs when fluid collects in the thin sheath surrounding a testicle
42
what is a haematocele and what causes it
a swelling caused by blood collecting, caused by traumatic injury
43
at what vertebral level do the testicular arteries arise from the abdominal aorta
S2
44
what two structures do the testicular arteries cross
genitofemoral nerve | ureter
45
What is the term used for the 8-12 anastomosing veins associated with the testis?
pampiriform venous plexus
46
What is the function of the pampiriform venous plexus?
contribute to testicular thermoregulatory system
47
Into which vein does the right and left testicular vein drain into?
right drains into IVC | left drains into left renal vein
48
what is a varicocele
enlargement if the veins within the scrotum
49
what causes a varicocele
defective valves in the veins
50
what is testicular torsion
A testicular torsion is an emergency presentation. With this the blood supply has been completely cut off from one of the testis, therefore it is at risk of necrosis within a few hours. This requires urgent resolution through an operation and internal fixation (orchidopexy) of the testis to the scrotum to prevent this happening in the future
51
Which two lymph node groups receive lymph from the testis
lumbar and para-aortic nodes
52
what lymph nodes drain the prostate
internal iliac and sacral nodes
53
what lymph nodes drain the seminal vesicle
external and internal iliac nodes
54
what lymph nodes drain the scrotum
superficial inguinal nodes
55
what lymph nodes drain the penis
deep inguinal nodes
56
what is the epidermis
The epididymis is attached to the body of the testis, and stores sperm that is produced by the testis.
57
what are the vas deferens
This is a muscular tube which arises from the tail of the epididymis, traverses the inguinal canal and enters the pelvis by crossing over the external iliac vessels. It terminates by joining the duct of the seminal gland to form the ejaculatory duct.
58
what are the seminal glands
These paired structures are located on either side of the posterior surface of the bladder, note their relation to the ureter, the vas deferens and the prostate gland.
59
What secretions are produced by the seminal vesicles?
seminal fluid
60
what secretions are produced by the prostate
proteolytic enzymes
61
what are bulbourethral glands
These are small, paired structures located in the urogenital diaphragm which empty into the penile/spongy urethra.
62
what secretions are produced by the bulbourethral glands
mucus containing glycoproteins
63
state histological features of the testis
Convoluted tubules sectioned in various planes 4-8 layers of cells Spermatozoa in the lumen Leydig cells in the interstitial spaces between tubules
64
state histological features of the prostate
Serous alveoli with infolding epithelium Trabeculae of muscular stroma Amorphous eosinophilic masses, called corpora amylacea, in the alveoli in older men
65
state histological features of the seminal vesicles
No sperms in the lumen Highly recessed and irregular lumen forming crypts and cavities giving a honey-combed appearance Well-developed muscular externa
66
state histological features of the vas deferens
Lumen Stellate in shape A thick-walled muscular tube Epithelial lining and its supporting lamina propria are thrown into longitudinal folds

anatomy (12 decks)

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