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anatomy > reproduction > Flashcards

reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Define the region known as the pelvis and the perineum describing there boundaries

A

the bony pelvis consists of a true pelvis and false pelvis. It also contains the pelvic inlet and pelvic outlet.

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2
Q

state the bony landmarks which make up the pelvic inlet/ pelvic brim

A 
sacral promontory 
puvic tubercle
pubic crest
pecten pubis
ala of sacrum
accurate line of ilium 
pubis symphysis
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3
Q

state the features of the pelvic outlet

A

inferior rami of pubis
inferior margin of pubic symphysis
tip of coccyx
sacrotuberous ligaments

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4
Q

which parts of the pelvis are termed the true pelvis

A

some small bowel, the rectum, the urinary bladder and reproductive organs

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5
Q

which parts of the pelvis are termed the false pelvis

A

pelvic cavity and pelvis viscera

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6
Q

what type of joint is the sacroiliac joint

A

synovial

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7
Q

what type of joint is the pubic symphysis

A

cartilaginous

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8
Q

state the differences between male and female pelvis

A

general structure: M=THICK AND HEAVY, F= THIN AND LIGHT
greater(false) pelvis: M= DEEP, F= SHALLOW
lesser(true) pelvis: M=NARROW AND DEEP, F= WIDE AND SHALLOW
pelvic inlet: M= HEART SHAPED, F= OVAL + ROUNDED
pelvic outlet: M= SMALL, F= LARGE
sub-pubic angel: M= NARROW, F= WIDE
obturator foramen: M=ROUND, F= OVAL
acetabulum: M=LARGE, F=SMALL

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9
Q

what is the anterior-inferior wall of the pelvic cavity formed by

A

the bodies and rami of the pubic bones and the pubic symphysis

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10
Q

state which muscle is present in the posterior wall of the pelvis

A

piriformis

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11
Q

which nerve network lies on the muscle forming the posterior wall of the pelvis

A

the sacral plexus

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12
Q

what are perineal bodies

A

fibromuscular node lying in the midline of perineum

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13
Q

what are anococcygeal body

A

layered musculotendinous intersection the two halves of the elevator ani muscles

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14
Q

which 2 muscles make up the majority of the pelvic floor

A

coccygeus and elevator ani muscles

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15
Q

give two functions of the pelvic diaphragm/floor

A

urinary and faecal continence, resistance to increases in intra-pelvic/abdominal pressure

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16
Q

what is the innervation of the pelvic diaphragm/floor

A

pudendal nerve and branch of the third and fourth sacral motor nerve

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17
Q

what is a cystocele

A

when the wall between the bladder and vagina weakens

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18
Q

what is a recotocele

A

type of prolapse where the supportive wall of tissue between a women rectum and vaginal wall weakness

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19
Q

where do the internal iliac arteries distribute blood too

A

most of the pelvic organs, perineum, gluteal region except the testis, ovary and upper part of rectum.

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20
Q

which part of the rectum drains into the portal circulation

A

superior rectal vein

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21
Q

which part of the rectum drains into the systemic circulation

A

middle and inferior rectal vein

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22
Q

why might haemorrhoids be associated with cirrhosis of the liver

A

leads to swollen and engorged veins within the rectum

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23
Q

with which venous plexus does the prostatic venous plexus communicate with on its posterior side

A

internal vertebral venous plexus

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24
Q

what is important about the internal vertebral venous plexus

A

it is a valveless paravertebral network of veins can provide a channel for the read of cancers of the colon, rectum and prostate

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25
Q

what structures in the male are supplied by the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve

A

scrotal skin and cremaster muscle

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26
Q

what is the significance of the genitofemoral nerve

A

controls cremaster reflex- protects testis

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27
Q

describe the pudendal nerve

A

arises from the sacral plexus and follows the course of the pudendeal artery to innervate the skin and the muscles of the perineum

28
Q

from which segmental level does the pudendal nerve arise

A

ventral rami of S2,S3 and S4

29
Q

what bony landmarks are used when performing a pudendal nerve block during labour

A

ischial spines

30
Q

describe the sympathetic fibres supply to the pelvis

A

originate from L1 and L2 via the hypogastric nerve and terminal aspect of the sympathetic trunk.
provide sympathetic supply to all internal pelvic organs.
in males, they supply the vas deferent, seminal vesicles, prostate and epididymis
in female, they supply the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes and vagina

31
Q

describe the parasympathetic fibres supply to the pelvis

A

originate from the pelvic splanchnic nerve (S2 to S4)
in addition to providing parasympathetic supply to all the internal pelvic organs, they innervate erectile tissues in both male and female.

32
Q

describe lympahtic drainage of the pelvis

A

external iliac lymph nodes drain lower limb and pelvic viscera
internal iliac lymph nodes drain gluteal region, deep perineum and inferior pelvic viscera
sacral lymph nodes drain posterior inferior pelvic viscera
common iliac lymph nodes drain from the three main groups - external, internal and sacral lymph nodes

33
Q

State the 4 categories of the male reproductive organs

A

1) the external genitalia
2) the gonads- where games or sex cells are produced and also the site for the production of male sex hormones
3) the tube system- for transporting the sperm from the gonads
4) the accessory glands - these support the sperm and lubricate the copulatory organs

34
Q

what is the name of the canal that the testis passes trough during development

A

inguinal canal

35
Q

what are the deep and superficial openings of the canal called

A

deep inguinal ring and the superficial inguinal ring

36
Q

what are the main contents of the spermatic cord

A
  1. vas deferens
  2. blood vessels
  3. processus vaginalis
  4. nerves
  5. lymph vessels
  6. genital branch of gemitofemoral nerve
37
Q

what is the tough outer fibrous layer of the testis called

A

tunica

38
Q

what are the two layers of tunica vaginalis

A

parietal laminae and visceral laminae

39
Q

what material is present between the two layers of tunica vaginalis

A

vicious fluid

40
Q

what is a hydrocele

A

swelling in the scrotum

41
Q

what causes the hydrocele

A

occurs when fluid collects in the thin sheath surrounding a testicle

42
Q

what is a haematocele and what causes it

A

a swelling caused by blood collecting, caused by traumatic injury

43
Q

at what vertebral level do the testicular arteries arise from the abdominal aorta

A

S2

44
Q

what two structures do the testicular arteries cross

A

genitofemoral nerve

ureter

45
Q

What is the term used for the 8-12 anastomosing veins associated with the testis?

A

pampiriform venous plexus

46
Q

What is the function of the pampiriform venous plexus?

A

contribute to testicular thermoregulatory system

47
Q

Into which vein does the right and left testicular vein drain into?

A

right drains into IVC

left drains into left renal vein

48
Q

what is a varicocele

A

enlargement if the veins within the scrotum

49
Q

what causes a varicocele

A

defective valves in the veins

50
Q

what is testicular torsion

A

A testicular torsion is an emergency presentation.
With this the blood supply has been completely cut off from one of the testis, therefore it is at risk of necrosis within a few hours.
This requires urgent resolution through an operation and internal fixation (orchidopexy) of the testis to the scrotum to prevent this happening in the future

51
Q

Which two lymph node groups receive lymph from the testis

A

lumbar and para-aortic nodes

52
Q

what lymph nodes drain the prostate

A

internal iliac and sacral nodes

53
Q

what lymph nodes drain the seminal vesicle

A

external and internal iliac nodes

54
Q

what lymph nodes drain the scrotum

A

superficial inguinal nodes

55
Q

what lymph nodes drain the penis

A

deep inguinal nodes

56
Q

what is the epidermis

A

The epididymis is attached to the body of the testis, and stores sperm that is produced by the testis.

57
Q

what are the vas deferens

A

This is a muscular tube which arises from the tail of the epididymis, traverses the inguinal canal and enters the pelvis by crossing over the external iliac vessels. It terminates by joining the duct of the seminal gland to form the ejaculatory duct.

58
Q

what are the seminal glands

A

These paired structures are located on either side of the posterior surface of the bladder, note their relation to the ureter, the vas deferens and the prostate gland.

59
Q

What secretions are produced by the seminal vesicles?

A

seminal fluid

60
Q

what secretions are produced by the prostate

A

proteolytic enzymes

61
Q

what are bulbourethral glands

A

These are small, paired structures located in the urogenital diaphragm which empty into the penile/spongy urethra.

62
Q

what secretions are produced by the bulbourethral glands

A

mucus containing glycoproteins

63
Q

state histological features of the testis

A

Convoluted tubules sectioned in various planes
4-8 layers of cells
Spermatozoa in the lumen
Leydig cells in the interstitial spaces between tubules

64
Q

state histological features of the prostate

A

Serous alveoli with infolding epithelium
Trabeculae of muscular stroma
Amorphous eosinophilic masses, called corpora amylacea, in the alveoli in older men

65
Q

state histological features of the seminal vesicles

A

No sperms in the lumen
Highly recessed and irregular lumen forming crypts and cavities giving a honey-combed appearance
Well-developed muscular externa

66
Q

state histological features of the vas deferens

A

Lumen Stellate in shape
A thick-walled muscular tube
Epithelial lining and its supporting lamina propria are thrown into longitudinal folds

anatomy (12 decks)

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