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anatomy > Year 1 > Flashcards

Year 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which structure separates the pleural and pericardial cavities from the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Diaphragm

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2
Q

What do arteries convey

A

Oxygenated blood to organs and tissues

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3
Q

What do veins convey

A

Drain oxygenated blood from organs and tissues

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4
Q

What do lymphatic drain

A

Excess extracellular fluid from the structured back into the venous system

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5
Q

What is the axial skeleton

A

Comprises the bones situated in the long axis of the body in the anatomical position eg the trunk

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6
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton

A

Comprises the bones that appended to the axial skeleton eg the limbs

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7
Q

What membrane surrounds bone

A

Periosteum- help nourish the tissue, capable of laying down more bone, provides interface for attachment of tendons and ligaments

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8
Q

Name the 3 types of cartilage

A

Elastic cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage

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9
Q

What membrane surround cartilage

A

Pericondrium, helps nourish tissue, capable of laying down more cartilage, provides interface for attachment of muscles and ligaments, provides elasticity

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10
Q

What type of bones is found in the marrow cavity

A

Spongy bone

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11
Q

What osteogenic cells are found in the periosteum

A

Bone-forming cells, progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts

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12
Q

What is appositional growth

A

Increase in width

Add nee bone from outside onto existing bone

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13
Q

What is interstitial growth

A

Increase in the length, growth occurring by means of cell division in the epiphyseal growth plate

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14
Q

What is the function of a sesamoid bone

A

Protects the tendons from excessive wear and often changed the angle of the tendons as they pass to their attachments

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15
Q

What is an aponeurosus

A

Flat, thin and broad tendons

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16
Q

What joints are crossed by the biceps brachii

A

Shoulder, elbow, superior radioulnar

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17
Q

What joints are crossed by the pectoralismajor

A

Shoulder

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18
Q

What type of cartilage does the epiphyseal growth plate contain

A

Hyaline cartilage

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19
Q

How is compact bone arranged

A

Circumferentially

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20
Q

What do muscles do

A

Only pull bones - pull bones together = flexion, pull bones apart = extension

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21
Q

What is the principle action of the diaphragm

A

Increase the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration

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22
Q

What is the role of anterior fibres of deltoid

A

Flexion

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23
Q

What is the role of posterior fibres of deltoid

A

Extension

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24
Q

What is the role of middle fibres of deltoid

A

Abduction

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25
Q

What is a syngergist

A

Synergistic perform of help perform the same set of joint motion as the agonists

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26
Q

What do fix for/stabilising muscles do

A

Act to stablizie the joint to which they are attached such that the joint can move efficiently without risk of dislocation

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27
Q

What separates muscles into compartments

A

Deep fascial intermuscular septa

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28
Q

Define ligament

A

A ligament connects a bone to an adjacent bone to stabilise a joint

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29
Q

Define tendon

A

A tendon is found at the end of a muscle and connects muscle to bone

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30
Q

What supplies all arm and forearm compartments

A

Brachial plexus

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31
Q

What shoppes all thigh and leg muscles compartments

A

Lumbosarcal plexus

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32
Q

What are the spinal nerve roots of the brachial plexus

A

C5-T1

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33
Q

What are the spinal nerve roots of the lumbosacral plexus

A

L1-S4

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34
Q

Which functional muscle group loses function in wrist drop

A

Anterior forearm

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35
Q

Which functional muscle group loses function in foot drop

A

Anterior leg muscle

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36
Q

What does the dorsal root carry

A

Sensory affecting fibres

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37
Q

What does the central root carry

A

Motor efferent fibres

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38
Q

What does the mixed spinal nerve carry

A

Motor and sensory

39
Q

What do the dorsal and ventral rami carry

A

Motor and sensory fibres

40
Q

Where do intercostal nerves lie

A

Between the ribs - each intercostal nerve lies below the rib of the same number

41
Q

Which part of a spinal nerve forms an intercostal nerve

A

Ventral ramus

42
Q

What is T12 intercostal nerve also known as

A

Subcostal nerve

43
Q

What is a cutaneous nerve

A

A nerve that supplied the skin which overdoes muscles which is supplied by cutaneous branches of the brachial plexus supplying those muscles

44
Q

What is a dermatome

A

An area of skin supplied by one single spinal nerve

45
Q

Describe myelin

A

A fatty white substance that surrounds the axon of some nerve cells, forming an electrically insulting layer. It is secreted by schwann cells

46
Q

What is endoneuroum

A

Layer of delicate connective tissue around the myelin sheath of each nerve fibre

47
Q

What is perineurium

A

A protective sheath that surrounds each fascicles

48
Q

What is epineurium

A

Surround a nerve. A sheath which surrounds multiple fascicles

49
Q

What do muscles in the same compartment share

A

Nerve supply and function

50
Q

State the parts of the spinal column

A 
7 cervical 
12 thoracic 
5 lumbar 
5 sacral
3-5 coccygeal
51
Q

What lies within the vertebral foramen

A

Spinal cord

52
Q

What lies within the intervertebral foramen

A

Spinal nerve

53
Q

What type of joint occurs between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae’s

A

Symphysis- secondary cartilaginous joint

54
Q

What type of joint occurs between the articulat facets of adjunct vertebrae

A

Synovial plane

55
Q

What is c1 also known as

A

Atlas

56
Q

What is c2 also known as

A

Axi

57
Q

What is c7 also known as

A

Vertebra prominens

58
Q

What do cervical vertebrae allow movement in

A

Horizontal/transverse plane - everything

59
Q

What do thoracic vertebrae allow movement in

A

Coronal plane- lateral flexion and rotation

60
Q

What do lumbar vertebrae allow move to in

A

Sagittal plane- flexion/extension

61
Q

What are the main muscles of the vertebral column

A

Erector spinae muscles

62
Q

What vertebral level is the spine of scapula

A

T3

63
Q

What vertebral level is inferior angle of scapula

A

T7

64
Q

What vertebral level is the summit of iliac crest

A

Spine of L4

65
Q

Where is a lumbar puncture performed

A

L3/l4 in adult

L4/l5 for child

66
Q

What main cell type is found in a lymphoid node

A

Lymphocytes

67
Q

What is meant by term sentinel node

A

First node from which cancer can spread

68
Q

Where is the thoracic duct located

A

On the vertebral bodies between the azygos vein and the aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall below vertebral level t4

69
Q

What does the right lymphatic duct drain

A

Upper right quadrant

70
Q

Where does the thoracic duct commence

A

At vertebral level L1 as the cisterna chyli

71
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain into

A

Medial end of left subclavian vein

72
Q

What does the spinal cord form at its distal end

A

Conus medullaris

73
Q

What does the spinal cord terminate as

A

Filum terminale

74
Q

At which vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate

A

Adult - L1/2

Child- L3

75
Q

Which spinal nerves form the Cauda equina and from which spinal cord structure do they emerge

A

L2-L5, conus medullaris

76
Q

Which nerve cell component makes up the grey matter of the spinal cord

A

Cell bodies

77
Q

Which nerve cell component makes up the white matter if the spinal cord

A

Axons

78
Q

Name the 3 layers of the meninges

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

79
Q

Between what structures is the spinal epidural space found

A

Between the spinal dura and the periosteum covering the vertebral bodies

80
Q

What do the autonomic fibres in spinal nerves supply

A

Organs, involuntary muscles and glands

81
Q

Where are lateral horn cells located

A

Between spinal segments t1-l2

82
Q

What structures do somatic pathways supply

A

Skeletal muscles

83
Q

What structures do autonomic pathways supply

A

Smooth muscle shift

84
Q

Define ganglia

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies

85
Q

Which fibres are myelinated

A

White rc

86
Q

Describe the splanchnic nerve

A

Supply the abdominal organs, but origanige in thorax, between spinal levels t6-t12, don’t synapse on thoracic sympathetic chain

87
Q

What do limbs receive

A

Sympathetic supply, parasympathetic nerves do not travel to or supply any limb structure at all

88
Q

What spinal nerves give rise to parasympathetic nerves

A

Cranial and sacral

89
Q

Describe the pelvic splanchnic nevres

A

Originate from s2-s4 and supply with parasympathetic supply

90
Q

What nerve impulses are associated with anterior horn cells

A

Motor

91
Q

What nerve impulses are associated with posterior horn cells

A

Sensory

92
Q

What nerve impulses are associated with lateral horn cells

A

Autonomic

93
Q

What are the two main parts of the intervertebral disc

A

Annululous fibrosis and nucleus pulposus

94
Q

What spinal nerves supply diaphragm

A

C3,4,5

anatomy (12 decks)

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