Year 1

Question 1

Which structure separates the pleural and pericardial cavities from the abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 1

Diaphragm

Question 2

What do arteries convey

Answer 2

Oxygenated blood to organs and tissues

Question 3

What do veins convey

Answer 3

Drain oxygenated blood from organs and tissues

Question 4

What do lymphatic drain

Answer 4

Excess extracellular fluid from the structured back into the venous system

Question 5

What is the axial skeleton

Answer 5

Comprises the bones situated in the long axis of the body in the anatomical position eg the trunk

Question 6

What is the appendicular skeleton

Answer 6

Comprises the bones that appended to the axial skeleton eg the limbs

Question 7

What membrane surrounds bone

Answer 7

Periosteum- help nourish the tissue, capable of laying down more bone, provides interface for attachment of tendons and ligaments

Question 8

Name the 3 types of cartilage

Answer 8

Elastic cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage

Question 9

What membrane surround cartilage

Answer 9

Pericondrium, helps nourish tissue, capable of laying down more cartilage, provides interface for attachment of muscles and ligaments, provides elasticity

Question 10

What type of bones is found in the marrow cavity

Answer 10

Spongy bone

Question 11

What osteogenic cells are found in the periosteum

Answer 11

Bone-forming cells, progenitor cells that develop into osteoblasts

Question 12

What is appositional growth

Answer 12

Increase in width

Add nee bone from outside onto existing bone

Question 13

What is interstitial growth

Answer 13

Increase in the length, growth occurring by means of cell division in the epiphyseal growth plate

Question 14

What is the function of a sesamoid bone

Answer 14

Protects the tendons from excessive wear and often changed the angle of the tendons as they pass to their attachments

Question 15

What is an aponeurosus

Answer 15

Flat, thin and broad tendons

Question 16

What joints are crossed by the biceps brachii

Answer 16

Shoulder, elbow, superior radioulnar

Question 17

What joints are crossed by the pectoralismajor

Answer 17

Shoulder

Question 18

What type of cartilage does the epiphyseal growth plate contain

Answer 18

Hyaline cartilage

Question 19

How is compact bone arranged

Answer 19

Circumferentially

Question 20

What do muscles do

Answer 20

Only pull bones - pull bones together = flexion, pull bones apart = extension

Question 21

What is the principle action of the diaphragm

Answer 21

Increase the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration

Question 22

What is the role of anterior fibres of deltoid

Answer 22

Flexion

Question 23

What is the role of posterior fibres of deltoid

Answer 23

Extension

Question 24

What is the role of middle fibres of deltoid

Answer 24

Abduction

Question 25

What is a syngergist

Answer 25

Synergistic perform of help perform the same set of joint motion as the agonists

Question 26

What do fix for/stabilising muscles do

Answer 26

Act to stablizie the joint to which they are attached such that the joint can move efficiently without risk of dislocation

Question 27

What separates muscles into compartments

Answer 27

Deep fascial intermuscular septa

Question 28

Define ligament

Answer 28

A ligament connects a bone to an adjacent bone to stabilise a joint

Question 29

Define tendon

Answer 29

A tendon is found at the end of a muscle and connects muscle to bone

Question 30

What supplies all arm and forearm compartments

Answer 30

Brachial plexus

Question 31

What shoppes all thigh and leg muscles compartments

Answer 31

Lumbosarcal plexus

Question 32

What are the spinal nerve roots of the brachial plexus

Answer 32

C5-T1

Question 33

What are the spinal nerve roots of the lumbosacral plexus

Answer 33

L1-S4

Question 34

Which functional muscle group loses function in wrist drop

Answer 34

Anterior forearm

Question 35

Which functional muscle group loses function in foot drop

Answer 35

Anterior leg muscle

Question 36

What does the dorsal root carry

Answer 36

Sensory affecting fibres

Question 37

What does the central root carry

Answer 37

Motor efferent fibres

Question 38

What does the mixed spinal nerve carry

Answer 38

Motor and sensory

Question 39

What do the dorsal and ventral rami carry

Answer 39

Motor and sensory fibres

Question 40

Where do intercostal nerves lie

Answer 40

Between the ribs - each intercostal nerve lies below the rib of the same number

Question 41

Which part of a spinal nerve forms an intercostal nerve

Answer 41

Ventral ramus

Question 42

What is T12 intercostal nerve also known as

Answer 42

Subcostal nerve

Question 43

What is a cutaneous nerve

Answer 43

A nerve that supplied the skin which overdoes muscles which is supplied by cutaneous branches of the brachial plexus supplying those muscles

Question 44

What is a dermatome

Answer 44

An area of skin supplied by one single spinal nerve

Question 45

Describe myelin

Answer 45

A fatty white substance that surrounds the axon of some nerve cells, forming an electrically insulting layer. It is secreted by schwann cells

Question 46

What is endoneuroum

Answer 46

Layer of delicate connective tissue around the myelin sheath of each nerve fibre

Question 47

What is perineurium

Answer 47

A protective sheath that surrounds each fascicles

Question 48

What is epineurium

Answer 48

Surround a nerve. A sheath which surrounds multiple fascicles

Question 49

What do muscles in the same compartment share

Answer 49

Nerve supply and function

Question 50

State the parts of the spinal column

Answer 50

``` 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 3-5 coccygeal ```

Question 51

What lies within the vertebral foramen

Answer 51

Spinal cord

Question 52

What lies within the intervertebral foramen

Answer 52

Spinal nerve

Question 53

What type of joint occurs between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae’s

Answer 53

Symphysis- secondary cartilaginous joint

Question 54

What type of joint occurs between the articulat facets of adjunct vertebrae

Answer 54

Synovial plane

Question 55

What is c1 also known as

Answer 55

Atlas

Question 56

What is c2 also known as

Answer 56

Axi

Question 57

What is c7 also known as

Answer 57

Vertebra prominens

Question 58

What do cervical vertebrae allow movement in

Answer 58

Horizontal/transverse plane - everything

Question 59

What do thoracic vertebrae allow movement in

Answer 59

Coronal plane- lateral flexion and rotation

Question 60

What do lumbar vertebrae allow move to in

Answer 60

Sagittal plane- flexion/extension

Question 61

What are the main muscles of the vertebral column

Answer 61

Erector spinae muscles

Question 62

What vertebral level is the spine of scapula

Answer 62

T3

Question 63

What vertebral level is inferior angle of scapula

Answer 63

T7

Question 64

What vertebral level is the summit of iliac crest

Answer 64

Spine of L4

Question 65

Where is a lumbar puncture performed

Answer 65

L3/l4 in adult | L4/l5 for child

Question 66

What main cell type is found in a lymphoid node

Answer 66

Lymphocytes

Question 67

What is meant by term sentinel node

Answer 67

First node from which cancer can spread

Question 68

Where is the thoracic duct located

Answer 68

On the vertebral bodies between the azygos vein and the aorta on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall below vertebral level t4

Question 69

What does the right lymphatic duct drain

Answer 69

Upper right quadrant

Question 70

Where does the thoracic duct commence

Answer 70

At vertebral level L1 as the cisterna chyli

Question 71

What does the thoracic duct drain into

Answer 71

Medial end of left subclavian vein

Question 72

What does the spinal cord form at its distal end

Answer 72

Conus medullaris

Question 73

What does the spinal cord terminate as

Answer 73

Filum terminale

Question 74

At which vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate

Answer 74

Adult - L1/2 | Child- L3

Question 75

Which spinal nerves form the Cauda equina and from which spinal cord structure do they emerge

Answer 75

L2-L5, conus medullaris

Question 76

Which nerve cell component makes up the grey matter of the spinal cord

Answer 76

Cell bodies

Question 77

Which nerve cell component makes up the white matter if the spinal cord

Answer 77

Axons

Question 78

Name the 3 layers of the meninges

Answer 78

Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater

Question 79

Between what structures is the spinal epidural space found

Answer 79

Between the spinal dura and the periosteum covering the vertebral bodies

Question 80

What do the autonomic fibres in spinal nerves supply

Answer 80

Organs, involuntary muscles and glands

Question 81

Where are lateral horn cells located

Answer 81

Between spinal segments t1-l2

Question 82

What structures do somatic pathways supply

Answer 82

Skeletal muscles

Question 83

What structures do autonomic pathways supply

Answer 83

Smooth muscle shift

Question 84

Define ganglia

Answer 84

Collection of nerve cell bodies

Question 85

Which fibres are myelinated

Answer 85

White rc

Question 86

Describe the splanchnic nerve

Answer 86

Supply the abdominal organs, but origanige in thorax, between spinal levels t6-t12, don’t synapse on thoracic sympathetic chain

Question 87

What do limbs receive

Answer 87

Sympathetic supply, parasympathetic nerves do not travel to or supply any limb structure at all

Question 88

What spinal nerves give rise to parasympathetic nerves

Answer 88

Cranial and sacral

Question 89

Describe the pelvic splanchnic nevres

Answer 89

Originate from s2-s4 and supply with parasympathetic supply

Question 90

What nerve impulses are associated with anterior horn cells

Answer 90

Motor

Question 91

What nerve impulses are associated with posterior horn cells

Answer 91

Sensory

Question 92

What nerve impulses are associated with lateral horn cells

Answer 92

Autonomic

Question 93

What are the two main parts of the intervertebral disc

Answer 93

Annululous fibrosis and nucleus pulposus

Question 94

What spinal nerves supply diaphragm

Answer 94

C3,4,5