cardio and resp phys

Question 1

for any given volume of blood, BP depends on

Answer 1

compliance - diastole

active tension - systole

Question 2

does acidosis or alkalosis cause increase in contractility

Answer 2

acidosis

Question 3

3rd heart sound

Answer 3

filling of ventricle in early diastole

Question 4

4th heart sound

Answer 4

contraction of atria

Question 5

mean circulatory filling pressure

Answer 5

pressure in vessels if heart stopped

Question 6

vascular function curve describes

Answer 6

as CO increases, venous pressure decreases

Question 7

cardiac function curve describes

Answer 7

as venous pressure increases, CO increases

Question 8

what happens to vascular function curve if decrease TPR

Answer 8

decrease TPR - more blood in veins - increases venou return therefore CO

Question 9

what do carotid and aortic bodies repond to

Answer 9

v low O2

Question 10

why does pulse pressure increase later in lif

Answer 10

renal failure
diastolic cardiac failure
decreased large artery compliance

Question 11

EDP can be used as measure of

Answer 11

1. filling of ventricles

2. venous pressure driving fluid out of capillaries

Question 12

causes of RHF

Answer 12

global heart disease - cardiomyopathy
specific RH disease - valves, pul hypertension
LHF

Question 13

to systems of inappropriate adaptation to HF

Answer 13

symp - direct toxic effect, increase HR, contractility, vasoconstriction
RAAS - renin, K loss

Question 14

what causes heart murmer

Answer 14

turbulent flow around stenosed/incompetent valve

Question 15

what happens when get symptoms of regurgitation

Answer 15

irreversible changes :(

Question 16

what happens when get symptoms of stenosis

Answer 16

time to intervene

Question 17

two mechanisms of aortic regurgitation

Answer 17

aortic leaflet damage - endocarditis,

aortic root dilated - marfan syndrome, aortic dissection, syphillis

Question 18

cause of mitral stenosis

Answer 18

rheumatic fever

Question 19

causes of mitral regurgitation

Answer 19

• myxomatous degeneration
• ruptured cordae tendinae - flail leaflet
• infective endocarditis
• rheumatic fever
• cardiomyopathy

Question 20

consequences of obstruction adn increased work of breathing

Answer 20

recruit accessory muscles
increase O consumption by resp muscles
risk of resp muscle fatigue

Question 21

normal PaO2 and PaCO2 values

Answer 21

PaO2 - 100

PaCO2 - 38-42

Question 22

what percent of Vital capacity shoudl come out in I sec

Answer 22

80%

Question 23

A-a gradient is what

Answer 23

alveolar -arteriole gradient - measure of overall efficiency of gas exchange across Ac units

Question 24

if hypoxic at rest, probably due to what

Answer 24

VQ mismatch, not diffusion impairment

Question 25

If have high CO2, whats it due to

Answer 25

hypoventilation (NOT VQ mismatch or diff imp)

Question 26

What types of breaths to restrictive airways disease patietns take

Answer 26

short shallow

Question 27

if have high pH but low CO2

Answer 27

Resp alkalosis - hyperventilation

Question 28

if have high pH but normal CO2

Answer 28

metabolic alkalosis

Question 29

if low pH and high CO2

Answer 29

resp acidosis - hypoventilation

Question 30

if low pH and normal CO2

Answer 30

metabolic acidosis

Question 31

does pulmonary artery pressure rise with increased CO

Answer 31

no - becuaes pulmonary vasodilation adn recruitment of capillary beds

Question 32

Why is there decreased systolic BP on inspiration

Answer 32

bc blood pools in lungs in insp, decreased LA venous return, decreased CO

Question 33

pulsus paradoxus

Answer 33

accentuation of decrease in BP in insp

Question 34

two mechanisms of creps

Answer 34

1. air bubbling through fluid - insp and exp - pneumonia | 2. high pitched at end of insp - sudden opening of alveoli that have collapsed on exp - pulm fibrosis

Question 35

if anion gap increases, due to

Answer 35

increase in acid

Question 36

type 1 resp failure

Answer 36

decreased O, normal or decreased CO

Question 37

type Ii resp railure

Answer 37

decreased O and increased CO

Question 38

consequences of pulmonary oedema

Answer 38

1. Decreased compliance and volume, increased resistance - increase WOB 2. gas exhange impaired 3. increased vascular resistance

Question 39

Is alveoli and capillary epi/endothelium permeable?

Answer 39

cap endo - yes | alveoli epi - no - actively pumps out water into interstitium

Question 40

two causes of pulmonary oedema

Answer 40

1. LV dysfunction | 2. increased cap permability - infection, toxins, shock

Question 41

normal bicarb level

Answer 41

22-28

Question 42

in lung fibrosis, get pulmonary hypertension bc

Answer 42

destruction of pul caps | spasm of pulm arterioles

Question 43

v waves

Answer 43

blood ejected back into atrium due to incompetent tricupsid valve

Question 44

normal anion gap

Answer 44

anions less than cations by 15

Question 45

chemoreceptors for respiration

Answer 45

peripheral - carotid bodies - PaO2, PaCO2, pH | central - medulla - PaCO2 via CSF H

Question 46

Stimulants for increase in ventilation during exercise

Answer 46

initially - ventilation increases linearly with increase work at anaerobic threshold - build up of lactic acid - second stimulus for increase in ventilation (goes beyond what needed for O2 and CO2)

Question 47

what is problem with patients with chronic hypercapnia when are acutely more hypoxic than usual

Answer 47

patients are dependent on hypoxic resp drive (increase CO2 will not stimulate), so can't give high concentrations of O2 if acutely more hypoxic bc will stimulate decrease in resp drive

Question 48

wheeze or stridor indicative of what

Answer 48

Airway disease