histo Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
how long do neuts last
blood and tisssue
A
blood - days
tissue - hours
2
Q
shape of nucleus of monocyte
A
bean
3
Q
what vit required for collagen formation
A
vit C
4
Q
collagen I
A
bone tendons ligaments
5
Q
collagen II
A
cartilage, IVDs
6
Q
collage III
A
reticulin - delicate support - bone marrow liver
7
Q
collagen IV
A
BM
8
Q
collagen VII
A
fibrils that link to BMs
9
Q
structure of elastin
A
branching fibres, central elastin core with surrounding fibrillin microfibrils
10
Q
marfan syndrome mutation
A
fibrillin-1
11
Q
what are collagen and elastin fibres found in to constitute ECM
A
ground substance
12
Q
two components of ground substance
A
GAGs
Glycoproteins
13
Q
what are proteoglycans
A
GAGs
14
Q
what is hyularonic acid
A
a GAG
15
Q
what are fibronectin, fibrillin, laminin,
A
glycoproteins
16
Q
difference between GAG and glycoprotien
A
GAG - unbranched polysaccharide
glycoprotein - glycosylated protein
17
Q
what does ECM constitute of
A
fibres (collagen and elastin) and ground substance
18
Q
what remodels ECM
A
matrix metalloproteases
19
Q
where is connective tissue proper
A
surround organs
20
Q
3 types of specific connective tissue
A
bone, cartilage, adipose
21
Q
what does basal lamina surround
A
muscle cells, adipocytes, schwann cells
22
Q
what is mesothelium
A
simple squamous lining body cavity
23
Q
where is stratified cuboidal
A
pancreas, salivary gland
24
Q
3 types of intercellular junctions
A
- tight
- adherens
- gap
25
main protein components of tight junctions
occludins and claudins
26
3 types of adherens junctions
1. zonula adherens
2. desomsome
3. hemidesmesome
27
structure of zonular adherens junction
actin - catenin - cadherin : cadherin - catenin - actin
28
structure of desmosome
intermediate fil - plaque - cadheren : cadheren
29
structure of hemidesmosome
intermediate fil - integrin - BM
30
typical location of junctions in junctional complex
apex - tight
middle - adherens
base - gap
31
3 problems in hypoxic cell
1. anaerobic glycolysis - decreases pH
2. ATP depletion - Na/K pumps fail - increased Na and decreased protein synthesis
3. increased Ca in cytosol - decreased cell functioning, chromatin clumping, cell and mitochondrial swelling
32
2 components of irreversible cell injury
1. severe irreversible mitochondrial dysfunction
| 2. membrane damage - necrosis
33
processes leading to membrane damage
decreased O2 for mitochondria leads to: anaerobic glycolysis and pH, decreased ATP (decreased protein and phospholipid synthesis), abnormal oxidative phosphorylation (ROS), increased Ca in cytosol (activates breakdown proteins), release of apoptotic proteins
pH and ROS leads to increase phospholipid breakdown
increased phospholipid breakdown and decreased synthesis - together with breakdown and pro-apooptotic proteins
= membrane damage
34
what is fibrinoid necrosis
immune complex deposition in vessels
35
what are sirtuins
enzymes that promote expression of genes that promote longevity
36
how can tell difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle
skeletal - peripheral nuclei, cardiac - central
37
do smooth muscle cells have myofibrils, sarcomeres and T tubules
Nope
38
what regenerates skeletal muscle cells
satellite cells
39
is fibrin a normal component of connective tissue \
no its from blood
40
can macrophages normally be present in tissues
yeah cf neuts
41
how long do neuts last in tissue
6-8 h
42
how long do macs last in tissues
2-3d
43
what do macs secrete
IL-1 and TNF
44
what activates endothelium (cytokines)
IL-1 and TNF
45
purulent/suppurative acute inflam exudate
lots of neuts, tissue necrosis, abcess
46
fibrinou acute inflam exudate
inflammation of serosal surfaces
47
serous acute inflam exudate
mainly fluid
e.g. pleural effusion
not many neuts or fibrin
48
3 types of oedema
1. transudate
2. exudate
3 impaired lymph drainage
49
what is transudate
due to osmotic changen in blood
50
why exudate
due to increased vascular permeability - more protein
51
labile
continuously in cell cycle
52
when does granulation tissue start to form
day 3
53
4 outcomes of acute inflammation
1. healing by repair
2. resolution
3. chronic inflammation
4. abcess formation
54
where are purkinje fibres located
in subendocardium
55
what does endothelium have to promote vs inhibit clotting
promote - von willebrand factor
| inhibit - heparan sulfate
56
what collagen in media
collagen III
57
collagen in adventitia of vessels
collagen I
58
do fenestrated and sinusoids have continuous basal lamina
fenestrated - continuous
| sinusoids - discontinuous
59
where is preferred site of diapedisis of WBCs
venules
60
kartagener's syndrome
genetic defect in dynein
61
where is smooth muscle in layers of bronchi
between lamina propria and submucosa
62
what keeps airways open in bronchioles
radial connective tissue
63
what keeps alveoli from collapsing
reticulin fibres and elastin
64
arcuate vessels
in kidney at boundary btw medulla and cortex
65
two types of nephron
cortical - higher in cortex
| juxta-medullary - base of cortex
66
pedicles
pores btw podocyte processes
67
how do you tell difference between proximal and distal tubules
proximal - brush border
| distal - no brush border, more mitochondria
68
how do you tell collecting duct from tubules
collecting duct becomes more cuboidal, larger lumen, looks like there are more nuclei
69
prox and distal tubule - type of epithelium
| thin LOH - type of epithelium
tubules - cuboidal
| thin LOH - simple squamous
70
describe the GIT submucosa
dense irregular connective tissue, nerves, small ganglia,
71
describe lamina propria
lose connective tissue containing nerves, BVs, immune cells
72
cells in gastric gland
mucous cells, parietal, chief, enteroendocrine
73
crypts of ?
leiberkuhn
74
what are plica circularis folds of
submucosa
75
where are paneth cells found adn what do they do
SI
| secrete anti microbials
76
distinctive features of duodenum
brunners glands
low plica circulares
long villi
77
distinctive features of ileum
peyer's patches
short villi
more goblet cells
78
distinctive features of LI
no villi, straight tubular glands
no paneth cells,
more goblet cells than SI
79
what cells are on serous external surfaces
mesothelial cells
80
where in hepatocyte is protein synthesis cf fat/steroid metabolism
rough ER - proteins
| fat steroids - smooth ER
81
connective tissue support for hepatocyts
collagen II and III (reticulin)
82
what is space between endothelium and adjacent hepatocyte
space of disse
83
whats on sinusoidal surface fo hepatocytes
microvilli
84
what's on inner surface of hepatocytes (not sinusoidal)
kupfer cells
85
what is name of lobule model in zones
acinar lobule model
86
how does gall bladder concentrate bile
removes Na and water
87
what controls release of bile/pancreatic juice into duo
sphincter of oddi
