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Emergency Care > Cardiology I > Flashcards

Cardiology I Flashcards

0
Q

What occurs during ventricular systole?

A

Contraction of the ventricles which sends blood to the body and lungs.

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1
Q

What controls the opening and closing of the heart valves?

A

Chamber pressure.

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2
Q

What occurs during ventricular diastole?

A

Relaxation of the ventricles which allows them to refill

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3
Q

What are the two left coronary arteries?

A

Anterior descending and circumflex arteries

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4
Q

What part of the heart does the circumflex artery supply?

A

It supplies the left and around the back of the heart

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5
Q

What is the right coronary artery?

A

Posterior interventricular artery

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6
Q

What vein does the heart empty into (coronary)?

A

The great coronary vein.

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7
Q

The vein that filters the heart is called the _____ and it empties into the _______.

A

Great coronary vein; right atrium.

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8
Q

What is the blood flow through the heart?

A 
Vena cava
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve 
Right ventricle
Pulmonary valve
Pulmonary artery
Lungs
Pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Bicuspid valve
Left ventricle
Aortic valve 
Aorta
Body.
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9
Q

______ is the contraction of the ventricles.

A

Systole

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10
Q

______ is the period in which the ventricles fill with blood from the atria.

A

Diastole

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11
Q

What is the time of one contraction & one relaxation?

A

Cardiac cycle

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12
Q

What is the length of one cardiac cycle?

A

Approx. 0.8 seconds

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13
Q

What is the length of systole?

A

Approx. 0.2 seconds

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14
Q

What is the length of diastole?

A

Approx. 0.52 seconds

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15
Q

_____ is the measurement of the amounts of blood pumped out the ventricles.

A

Ejection fraction

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16
Q

Ejection fraction is the measurement of the amounts of what?

A

Blood pumped out the ventricles.

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17
Q

What is the normal value of ejection fraction?

A

55-70%

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18
Q

What part of the cardiac cycle lasts approximately 0.2 seconds?

A

Systole.

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19
Q

What part of the cardiac cycle lasts for approximately 0.52 seconds

A

Diastole

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20
Q

What lasts approximately 0.8 seconds?

A

One cardiac cycle

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21
Q

______ is the amount of blood pumped out of ventricles in a single beat.

A

Stroke volume.

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22
Q

___ is the pressure in the ventricles at the end of diastole.

A

Preload

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23
Q

What is preload?

A

The amount of pressure at the end of diastole.

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24
Q

Preload is directly affected by the volume of blood that what?

A

Returns to the right atrium

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25
Q

_____ is the resistance against which the heart must pump against.

A

Afterload

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26
Q

Afterload is what?

A

The resistance against which the heart must pump against.

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27
Q

What law deals with the stretching of the myocardia?

A

Sterling’s Law

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28
Q

What does Sterling’s law state?

A

The myocardium can be stretched and will return to its normal state, but if overworked (stretched too far) it will lose its ability to return to its normal state.

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29
Q

What is peripheral vascular resistance?

A

How much pressure is in the arterioles that the heart must pump against.

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30
Q

______ is the amount of pressure in the arterioles that the heart must pump against.

A

Peripheral vascular resistance

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31
Q

Peripheral vascular resistance is determined by what?

A

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation

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32
Q

What is the correlation between the heart rate and the amount of CO2?

A

⬆️ HR, ⬇️ CO2

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33
Q

What is the formula for blood pressure?

A

Blood pressure = CARDIAC OUTPUT x PERIPHERAL VASCULAR RESISTANCE

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34
Q

_____ is the flight or fight response whereas ____ is the rest and digest response

A

Sympathetic — fight or flight

Parasympathetic — rest and digest

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35
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous responses are a part of what,

A

Autonomic

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36
Q

The receptors in the sympathetic nervous system are ___ and ___.

A

Alpha and beta

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37
Q

What chemical neurotransmitters are in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Norepinephrine

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38
Q

What nerve endings are in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Adrenergic

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39
Q

Alpha one receptors do what?

A

vasoconstriction which raises blood pressure

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40
Q

Alpha two receptors do what?

A

Stop vasoconstriction.

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41
Q

Beta one receptors are located where?

A

In the heart

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42
Q

Beta two receptors are located where?

A

In the lungs.

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43
Q

Beta two receptors cause what?

A

Bronchodilation and Vasodilation

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44
Q

What are the neurotransmitters for the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

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45
Q

Acetylcholine nerve endings are called what?

A

Cholinergic.

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46
Q

Cholinergic nerve endings are what?

A

Parasympathetic nerve fibers that use acetylcholine as neurotransmitters.

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47
Q

Adrenergic nerve endings are what?

A

Sympathetic nerve fibers that use epinephrine as neurotransmitters.

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48
Q

Myocardial working cells do what?

A

Generate the PHYSICAL contraction of heart cells.

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49
Q

What generates blood flow?

A

Physical contractions of myocardial working cells

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50
Q

What do pacemaker cells control?

A

Rate and rhythm by coordinating regular depolarization

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51
Q

Depolarization is…

A

Contractions of the heart.

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52
Q

What is the primers function of pacemaker cells?

A

To generate and conduct electrical impulses

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53
Q

A ____ is the point at which a stimulus will produce a cell response.

A

Threshold

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54
Q

What are the four cardiac cell characteristics?

A

Contractibility (mechanical)
Automaticity (electrical)
Excitability (electrical)
Conductivity (electrical)

55
Q

_____ is the ability of the cardiac cells to shorten and cause muscle contraction.

A

Contractility

56
Q

____ is the ability of the cardiac pacemaker cells to spontaneously generate electrical impulses w/o external stimulation.

A

Automaticity

57
Q

____ is the ability of cardiac cells to respond to an electrical stimulus.

A

Excitability

58
Q

_____ is the ability of cardiac cells to receive/transmit stimulus to other cardiac cells.

A

Conductivity

59
Q

Where is the location of automaticity?

A

SA NODE, AV JUNCTION, PURKINJE FIBERS

60
Q

_____ is a substance or compound whose molecules dissociate into charged components (ions)

A

Electrolytes.

61
Q

_____ performs a vital part in depolarization of myocardium

A

Sodium

62
Q

What occurs during cardiac depolarization?

A

Sodium ions rush into cell changing interio charge to positive after cell is stimulated.

63
Q

What happens during cardiac repolarization?

A

Sodium ions returns to outside of the cell and potassium ions return to inside.

64
Q

What is the charge of the inside and outside of the cell during resting membrane potential?

A

Negative inside

Positive outside

65
Q

What occurs during action potential?

A

Changes in polarity produces change in cells.

66
Q

____ are attempts to ensure muscle is totally relaxed before another depolarization can be initiated.

A

Refractory period

67
Q

What is the refractory period for the atrial muscle?

A

0.15 seconds

68
Q

What is the refractory period for the ventricular muscle?

A

0.25-0.3 seconds

69
Q

Period of rest is called ____.

A

Cardiac repolarization

70
Q

The ____ is the primary pacemaker of the heart.

A

SA node

71
Q

What cardiac wave is caused by the SA node?

A

The P-Wave

72
Q

What is the firing rate of the SA node?

A

60-100 BPM

73
Q

What receives the impulse as it exits the SA node?

A

The internodal pathways

74
Q

The internodal pathways deliver the impulse where?

A

From the SA node, throughout the atria, and to the AV node

75
Q

What delivers the impulse from the left atrium to the right atrium?

A

Bachmann’s bundle (wenckebach’s bundle)

76
Q

At the AV node electrical activity delays _____

A

0.05 seconds

77
Q

Why does the impulse delay at the AV node?

A

To allow for complete filling of the ventricles

78
Q

What is the firing rate of the AV node?

A

40-60 BPM

79
Q

What is the secondary pacemaker?

A

AV node

80
Q

Where is the bundle of his located?

A

The top of the interventricular septum

81
Q

What is the firing rate of the bundle of his?

A

20-40 BPM

82
Q

What is the firing rate of the purkinje network?

A

20-40 BPM

83
Q

Where does the impulse go from the purkinje network?

A

To the ventricular muscle cells.

84
Q

What is the pathway of electrical conduction in the heart?

A 
SA node
Interventricular pathways
bachmann's bundle
AV node
Bundle of his
Left and right branches
Purkinje fibers
Ventricular muscle cells
85
Q

EKG is the graphing of what activity in the heart?

A

Electricak

86
Q

What is placed on the skin to sense electrical activity?

A

Electrodes

87
Q

How is EKG recorded?

A

Electrocardiogram

88
Q

The ____ are the pads that go on the patients skin whereas the ____ connect to the cardiac monitor.

A

Electrodes - skin

Leads - machine

89
Q

Three leads are named because they must have what?

A

A positive, a negative and a ground

90
Q

What is einthoven’s triangle?

A

And imaginary inverted triangle formed around heart by proper positioning oft the bipolar leads.

91
Q

Lead one goes where?

A

Left & right arm

92
Q

Lead two goes where?

A

Left leg and right arm

93
Q

Lead 3 goes where?

A

Left leg and arm

94
Q

Time is measured on the ____ line of the ekg graph.

A

Horizontal.

95
Q

Voltage is measured on the ___ line of the ekg paper

A

Vertical

96
Q

One small box meaures ___ seconds

A

0.04 seconds.

97
Q

PRI is how long ?

A

0.12-0.20 seconds

98
Q

One large box is equal to how long?

A

0.20 seconds

99
Q

QRS is how long?

A

Less than 0.12 seconds

100
Q

The ____ is the beginning and ending of all waves

A

Isoelectric line

101
Q

A _____ is above the isoelectric line.

A

Positive deflection

102
Q

A ____ is below the isoelectric line.

A

Negative deflection.

103
Q

The P wave is how long

A

10 seconds

104
Q

What is the P wave

A

depolarization of the left and right atria

105
Q

What is the PR interval

A

Start of the P wave to the start of the QRS complex

106
Q

How long is the PRI?

A

0.12-0.20 seconds

107
Q

The QRS complex represents what?

A

Ventricular depolarization

108
Q

The S wave is how long?

A

Less than 0.12 seconds

109
Q

The ST segment is what?

A

Ventricles are depolarizes and repolarization begins

110
Q

Elevation and/or depression of the ST segment is indicative of what?

A

An acute myocardial infarction

111
Q

STEMI is what?

A

An elevated ST segment

112
Q

Angina is what?

A

A depressed ST segment

113
Q

The T wave represents what?

A

Ventricular repolarization

114
Q

The T wave is what phase of the cardiac cycle?

A

Resting phase

115
Q

The P wave is what?

A

Atrial depolarization

116
Q

The QRS complex is what?

A

Atrial repolarization/ventricular depolarization

117
Q

The T wave is what?

A

Ventricular repolarization

118
Q

What are causes of sinus arrhythmia?

A

MI
Sick Sinus Syndrome
Medications

119
Q

What are causes of sinister arrest?

A 
Hypoxia
Ischemia
Damage to SA node
Acute MI
digitalis & salicylates
120
Q

What are causes of atrial dysrrhythmia?

A

COPD
Digitontoxitity
Electrolyte imbalances

121
Q

What are the 5 steps to interpret EKGs?

A 
HR
Heart Rhythm
P wave
PRI
QRS Complex
122
Q

What are causes of PACs?

A 
Increased sympathetic tone
Digitalis toxicity
Hypoxia
Stimulants
Caffeine
123
Q

How many PACs must happen for they to be called frequent?

A

More than 6

124
Q

Two sequential PACs is called a…

A

Couplet

125
Q

When every other beat is a PAC that is called…

A

Atrial bigemity

126
Q

Every third beat being a PAC is called what?

A

Atrial trigemity

127
Q

What is the reactivation of myocardial tissue for a second or subsequent time by the same impulse?

A

ReEntry dysrrhythmia

128
Q

What causes the short circuit of electrical conduction?

A

A delay or block

129
Q

What are causes of reentry dysrhythmias?

A

Hyperkalemia
Myocardial ischemia
Certain antidysrhythmia meds

130
Q

What type of rhythms are reentry dysrhythmias?

A 
A-flutter
A-fibrillation
PAC
PSVT
SVT
131
Q

What are 3 characteristics of A-Fibrillation

A

There are no p waves
F waves replace p waves
Ventricle response is irregularly irregular

132
Q

What are causes of Atrial fibrillation?

A 
Heart disease
CHF
Rheumatic heart disease
Hypoxia
Digitalis toxicity
Electrolyte imbalance
133
Q

When your patient is in A-fibrillation and their heart rate is greater than 100 they are considered ______ if their heart rate is less than 100 they are considered _______.

A

Unstable; stable

134
Q

When you cardiovert a patient you use how many J?

A

50

Emergency Care (8 decks)

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