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NPTE > Cardiopulm Weak Points > Flashcards

Cardiopulm Weak Points Flashcards

1
Q

Lowest part of the heart that projects anteriorly and left at the 5th intercostal space

A

apex of the heart

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2
Q

Upper border of the heart below the second rib

A

base

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3
Q

Endocardium

A

interior of the heart chambers and valves

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4
Q

Epicardium

A

serous layer of pericardium
contains epicardial coronary arteries, veins, autonomic nerves and lymphatics.

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5
Q

Myocardium

A

thick contractile middle layer of muscle cells that form the bulk of the heart wall.

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6
Q

Aorta begins at the

A

left ventricle

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7
Q

Inferior vena cava returns blood to the

A

RA

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8
Q

Pulmonary arteries carry what kind of blood to RV

A

deoxygenated

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9
Q

Pulmonary veins carry what kind of blood to LA

A

oxygenated

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10
Q

Right side gets blood from

A

body and pumps to lungs

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11
Q

Left side gets blood from

A

lungs and pumps to body

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12
Q

Flow of blood through the heart

A
  1. deoxygenated blood from body through superior and inferior vena cava
  2. RA
  3. tricuspid valve
  4. RV
  5. pulm valve
  6. pulmonary arteries
  7. lungs
  8. oxygenated blood via pulmonary veins
  9. LA
  10. mitral valve
  11. LV
  12. aorta
  13. body
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13
Q

Sinus node artery supplies

A

RA

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14
Q

Right marginal artery supplies

A

RV

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15
Q

Posterior descending artery supplies

A

inferior walls of both ventricles
inferior portion of interventricular septum

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16
Q

Right coronary artery includes

A

Sinus node artery
Right marginal artery
Posterior descending artery
and all they supply

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17
Q

Circumflex artery supplies

A

LA
Posterior and lateral walls of LV
Anterior and inferior walls of LV

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18
Q

LAD supplies

A

Anterior portion of interventricular septum

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19
Q

Left coronary artery includes

A

Circumflex and LAD

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20
Q

What veins drain into the coronary sinus which empties into the RA?

A

great cardiac vein
small and middle cardiac veins

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21
Q

The thebesian veins arise in the myocardium and drain into what?

A

all the chambers of the heart but primarily into the RA and RV

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22
Q

Each cardiac myocyte has an intrinsic ability to depolarize and propagate electrical impulse from cell to cell….

A

without nerve stimulation

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23
Q

Normal pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node

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24
Q

Bachmann bundle appears to conduct

A

cardiac pulse preferentially from the R to L atrium

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25
Bundle of His comes from which node
AV
26
Bundle of His passes to the
interventricular septum
27
Purkinje fibers extend to
both ventricular walls
28
Heart rate, rhythm, and contractility are influenced by...
autonomic nervous system
29
Vagus nerve is associated with heart
30
Sympathetic influence is achieved by release of what hormones?
norepinephrine epinephrine
31
Sympathetic nerves stimulate chambers to
beat faster and with greater force
32
Beating faster from sympathetic stimulation is called
chronotropic effect
33
Beating with greater force from sympathetic stimulation is called
inotropic effect
34
Parasympathetic influence is achieved via ... release from vagus nerve.
AcH
35
Parasympathetic nerves do what to HR and primarily through their influence on which node?
slow SA
36
Baroreceptors and mechanoreceptors are those that
detect changes in pressure
37
Baroreflex maintains
BP
38
Sympathetic activation leads to
increased cardiac contractility increased HR venoconstriction arterial vasoconstriction
39
Bainbridge reflex
increase in venous return stretches receptors in the wall of the RA which sends vagal afferent signals to CVD. These will inhibit parasympathetic activity which increases HR.
40
Chemoreceptor reflex
changes in pH and blood oxygen tension. When arterial partial oxygen less than 50 mmHg (acidosis), stimulate respiratory centers and increase depth and rate of ventilation. Parasympathetic system reduces HR and contractility.
41
Valsalva maneuver
increased intrathoracic pressure, increased central venous pressure, decreased venous return. Resultant decrease in cardiac output and BP is sensed by baroreceptors which reflexively increased HR and contractility through sympathetic stimulation.
42
Arteriole systole
contraction of R and L atria pushing blood into ventricles
43
Arteriole diastole
period between atrial contractions when the atria are repolarizing
44
Ventricular systole
contraction of R and L ventricles pushing blood into pulmonary arteries and aorta
45
Ventricular diastole
period between ventricular contractions when ventricles are repolarizing
46
Preload
tension in ventricular wall at the end of diastole. venous filling pressure that fills the left ventricle during diastole
47
Afterload
forces that impede the flow of blood out of the heart. Pressure in peripheral vasculature and compliance of aorta; mass and viscosity of the blood
48
Stroke Volume
blood ejected by each contraction in LV Normal ranges 60-80 ml
49
Cardiac Output
amount of blood pumped from the L or R ventricle per minute. SV x HR normal for male at rest is 4.5-5.0L/min Can increase to 25 L/min with exercise
50
Venous return
amount of blood that returns to the RA each minute similar to volume of CO
51
Because the CVD is a closed loop, the venous return must equal...
CO when averaged over time
52
Deep vein accompany the
arteries
53
More valves in which veins
deep
54
Normal blood volume of an adult is
4.5-5.0 L
55
Hypovolemia
decreased blood volume, specifically plasma
56
Causes of hypovolemia
bleeding dehydration-vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, severe burns, diuretic medications used to treat HTN.
57
Signs and symptoms of hypovolemia
orthostatic hypotension tachycardia elevated body temp
58
Hypervolemia
fluid overload increased blood plasma
59
Causes of hypervolemia
excess intake of fluids and sodium or fluid retention
60
Signs and symptoms of hypervolemia
swelling in legs ascites fluid in lung
61
Plasma is
the liquid component
62
Plasma consists of
water electrolytes proteins
63
Plasma consists of
more than half the total blood volume
64
Plasma is important for
regulating BP and temp
65
RBC account for
40% of blood volume
66
Polycythemia
too many RBC blood is too thick and this increases the risk for stroke or heart attack
67
Thrombocytes are aka
blood platelets
68
Thrombocytopenia
low number of platelets increases risk of bruising and abnormal bleeding
69
Thrombocythemia
high number of platelets increases the risk of thrombosis which increases risk of stroke or heart attack
70
Leukocytes
White blood cells
71
Leukopenia
low # of white blood cells
72
Leukocytosis
abnormally high number of white blood cells
73
5 main types of white blood cells
neutrophils lymphocytes monocytes eosinophils basophils
74
Neutrophils
protect against bacteria and debris
75
Lymphocytes
T, natural killer (viral infections and can protect against some cancer) and B (antibodies).
76
Monocytes
ingest dead or damaged cells
77
Eosinophils
kill parasites, destroy cancer cells allergies
78
Basophils
allergic responses
79
What provides attachment sites for accessory muscles of inspiration?
clavicles and scapulae
80
Manubrium articulates with
right and left clavicles body of sternum second rib
81
Sternal angle of manubrium and body is called
angle of louis
82
Ribs ____-____attach to sternum. Ribs ___-___ attach to cartilage of rib above and not to sternum. They are aka... Ribs ___-___ have no skeletal attachment and are aka...
1-7 8-10 11 and 12
83
What are the principal muscles of inspiration?
diaphragm external intercostals
84
Upper movement of the upper ribs increases the ..... diameter of the chest.
anterior-posterior
85
Elevation of the lower ribs increase the ....diameter.
transverse
86
Accessory muscles of inspiration...
SCM scalenes pec major pec minor serratus
87
Forceful exhalation muscles
rectus external and internal oblique TA
88
Upper respiratory tract
nasal cavity pharynx larynx
89
Lower respiratory tract
larynx to alveoli
90
Which lung has three lobes?
right
91
Lingula is to which lobe?
right
92
Oxygen diffuses across .... into RBC in lung capillaries where it combines with hemoglobin to be transported back to heart. CO2 diffuses opposite.
alveolar capillary septum
93
abnormal instances where pleural space may contain air....
pneumothorax hemothorax pus or serous fluid
94
Innervation of lungs
vagus
95
Breathing control is where
central respiratory center in brainstem and peripheral receptors in lungs, airways, chest wall and blood vessels
96
Central chemoreceptors in .... respond to increases in partial pressure of CO2 and hydrogen ion.
medulla
97
Expiratory reserve volume
max volume exhaled after normal tidal 15 % of total volume
98
Forced expiratory volume
max volume exhaled in specific period of time
99
Forced vital capacity
volume expired during forced maximal expiration after forced maximal inspiration
100
Functional residual capacity
volume in lungs after normal exhalation 40% of volume
101
Inspiratory capacity
max volume inspired after normal tidal exhalation 60% of volume
102
Inspiratory reserve volume
max volume air inspired after normal tidal volume inspiration 50% of total volume
103
Peak expiratory flow
max flow of air during beginning of a forced expiratory maneuver
104
Residual volume
volume in of gas remaining in lungs at the end of max expiration 25% of total volume
105
Tidal volume
total volume inspired and expired during each breath of quiet breathing 10% of total
106
Total lung capacity
volume of air in lungs after max inspiration and the sume of all lungs volumes
107
vital capacity
volume change that occurs between max inspiration and max expiration 75% of all volume
108

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