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Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Hypothalamus connects to

A

pituitary gland

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2
Q

Hypothalamus regulates

A

autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

What is considered the most important part of the endocrine system?

A

pituitary gland

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4
Q

Pituitary is considered the …
and it…

A

master gland
is influenced by seasonal changes and/or emotional stress

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5
Q

Pituitary gland secretes…which

A

endorphins
reduce a person’s sensitivity to pain

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6
Q

Pituitary gland controls

A

ovulation and works as a catalyst for testes and ovaries to create sex hormones

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7
Q

Parathyroid glands maintain

A

normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate

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8
Q

Parathyroid hormone increases

A

reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones to blood

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9
Q

Outer portion of adrenal gland

A

adrenal cortex

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10
Q

Inner portion of adrenal gland

A

adrenal medulla

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11
Q

Adrenal cortex produces .. that will regulate…

A

corticosteroids
water and sodium balance, body’s response to stress, the immune system, sexual development and function and metabolism.

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12
Q

Adrenal medulla produces …that will..

A

epinephrine
increase HR and BP when there is an increase in stress

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13
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

left quadrant of abdominal cavity

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14
Q

Pancreas’s job?

A

ensure a consistent level of glucose within the bloodstream

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15
Q

Steroid hormones (prostaglandins) are unique in that they..

A

do not circulate in the blood, but exert their effects only where they are produced.

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16
Q

Effects of steroid hormones

A

inflammation
pain mechanisms
vasodilation
vasoconstriction
nutrient metabolism
blood clotting

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17
Q

Amine hormones (catecholamines) examples

A

epinephrine
norepinephrine
dopamine

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18
Q

Amine hormones are where?

A

adrenal medulla

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19
Q

What releases catecholamines into the blood stream?

A

sympathetic nervous system stimulation

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20
Q

Where is insulin created?

A

pancreas

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21
Q

What produces growth hormone-releasing and inhibiting hormone?
And where does it act?

A

hypothalamus
pituitary

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22
Q

What produces gonadotropin-releasing hormone?

A

hypothalamus

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23
Q

What produces thyrotropin-releasing hormone?

A

hypothalamus

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24
Q

What produces corticotropin-releasing hormone?

A

hypothalamus

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25
What produces prolactin-releasing and inhibiting hormone as well as dopamine?
hypothalamus
26
What do all the hormones produced by hypothalamus act on?
pituitary
27
What produces growth hormone?
pituitary
28
What produces FSH?
Pituitary
29
What produces LH?
pituitary
30
What produces TSH?
pituitary
31
What produces adrenocorticotropic hormone?
pituitary
32
What produces prolactin?
pituitary
33
What produces oxytocin?
pituitary
34
What produces antidiuretic hormone?
pituitary
35
What does FSH do?
follicular development and creation of estrogen in females and spermatogenesis in males
36
What does LH do?
ovulation along with estrogen/progesterone synthesis and testosterone in males
37
What does TSH do?
increases synthesis of T3 and T4
38
What does prolactin do?
process of lactation
39
What does oxytocin do?
increases contraction of uterine muscles promotes release of milk from mammary glands
40
What hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?
androgen aldosterone cortisol
41
Androgen
increases masculinization promotes pubic hair growth
42
Aldosterone
increases reabsorption of sodium ions by kidneys increases excretion of potassium ions by kidneys into urine
43
Cortisol
influences metabolism of food anti-inflammatory effect in large amounts
44
Hormones produced by adrenal medulla?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
45
Epinephrine
increases HR and force of contraction vasodilation of skeletal muscle
46
Norepinephrine
vasoconstriction in skin, viscera, and skeletal muscles
47
Hormones produced by the Pancreas?
glucagon insulin
48
When is glucagon produced?
hypoglycemia
49
When is insulin produced?
hyperglycemia
50
What hormone is produced by the parathyroid?
parathormone
51
When is parathormone released?
hypocalcemia
52
What hormones are produced by the thyroid?
T4 and T3 Calcitonin
53
T3 and T4
TSH
54
When is Calcitonin produced?
hypercalcemia
55
Periarthritis
swelling around joints not in them
56
Arthralgia
pain in joint
57
Polydipsia
excessive thirst
58
Endocrine dysfunction neuromuscular symptoms
muscle weakness periarthritis myalgia arthralgia stiffness OA muscle atrophy adhesive capsulitis
59
Endocrine dysfunction systemic symptoms
polydipsia growth dysfunction skin pigmentation dysfunction polyuria increased vital signs hair dysfunction nervousness or anxiety
60
When there is an endocrine system pathology, it is often which two structures that affect the function of the other endocrine glands?
hypothalamus pituitary
61
Hyperfunction of an endocrine gland is usually due to..
overstimulation of pituitary gland
62
Hypofunction of an endocrine gland is usually due to..
understimulation of pituitary gland
63
Hypopituitarism
rare short delayed growth and puberty sexual and reproductive disorders diabetes insipidous
64
Hyperpituitarism
gigantism hirsuitism galactorrhea amenorrhea infertility impotence
65
Things to consider in rehabbing those with pituitary dysfunction
exercise is encouraged 24 hours surgery hypoglycemia bilateral CTS, arthritis, osteophyte formation common with hyperpituitarism Orthostatic hypotension in hypopituitarism Bilateral hemianopsia in hypopituitarism
66
Addisons
hypofunction of adrenal cortex decreased production of cortisol and aldosterone
67
Sxs of addisons
hypotension weakness anorexia weight loss altered pigmentation left untreated can result in shock and death
68
Cushings
hyperfunction of adrenal glands too much cortisol
69
Sxs of cushings
hyperglycemia growth failure truncal obesity purple abdominal striae moon shaped face buffalo hump weakness acne HTN male gynecomastia mental changes: depression, poor concentration, memory loss
70
Considerations for rehabbing those with adrenal dysfunction
recognize signs of stress or exhaustion notify physician of illness or increased intracranial pressure orthostatic hypotension-long-term cortisol therapy report sleep disturbances to doctor osteoporosis, fracture, degenerative myopathy, tendon ruptures, ataxic gait delayed wound healing
71
Postpartum thyroiditis: first 1-4 months what is present? 4-8 months following delivery what does it shift to?
hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism
72
Most specific cause of hyperthyroidism?
Graves disease
73
Graves disease
autoimmune causing thyroid to be overactive
74
sxs of graves
goiter heat intolerance nervousness weight loss tremor palpitations
75
When rehabbing those with thyroid dysfunction be aware of..
vital signs effects of radioiodine therapy risk of rhabdo
76
Hypoparathyroidism
hypocalcemia seizures cognitive defects short stature tetany muscle pain cramps
77
Hyperparathyroidism
renal stones kidney damage depression memory loss muscle wasting bone deformity myopathy
78
Rehab considerations for those with parathyroid dysfunction
be familiar with all signs and symptoms of parathyroid dysfunction in order to refer out recognize hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia risk for fractures and effects from osteogenic synovitis
79
Hypercalcemia occurs from
hyperparathyroidism
80
Hypocalcemia occurs from
hypoparathyroidism
81
Osteogenic synovitis affects
achilles triceps obturator tendons
82
Characteristics of hypoparathyroidism
decreased bone resorption hypocalcemia elevated phosphate levels shortened 4th and 5th metacarpals compromised breathing due to intercostal muscle and diaphragm spasms cardiac arrhythmias and potential heart failure increased neuromuscular activity that can result in tetany
83
Characteristics of hyperparathyroidism
increased bone resorption hypercalcemia decreased phosphate levels osteitis fibrosa subperiosteal resorption arthritis bone deformity nephrocalcinosis renal HTN significant renal damage gout decreased neuromuscular irritability
84
Hyperglycemia symptoms can occur in what ranges? What are the symptoms?
>180-200 occurring in those with type 1 DM ketoacidosis dyspnea fruity breath dry mouth nausea vomiting confusion eventual loss of consciousness
85
Hypoglycemia symptoms can occur at what level?
<70
86
Etiology of type 1 DM
destruction of islets of Langerhans cells secondary to possible autoimmune or viral factor ketoacidosis
87
Etiology of type 2 DM
resistance to insulin receptor sites secondary to obesity ketoacidosis will rarely occur
88
After being diagnosed with gestational diabetes and the glucose intolerance lasts more than 6 weeks after childbirth it..
should be reclassified to another form of diabetes
89
Babies born to those with gestational diabetes have
increased glucose levels
90
Fasting plasma glucose
8 hours after pts last intake of food or drink positive if >125 normal is <100
91
Oral glucose
two hours after ingestion of sugary drink positive is >200 normal is <140
92
A1c testing
glucose over 2-3 months positive if >6.5% normal is <5.7%
93
Primary male hypogonadism is
Klenefelter's syndrome
94
Primary female hypogonadism is
turner syndrome
95
Indications for bone mineral regulating agents
Paget's disease osteoporosis hyperparathyroidism rickets hypoparathyroidism osteomalacia
96
Implications for PT when patients are taking bone mineral regulating agents
risk for fracture
97

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