Pathology of Airways and Lungs

Question 1

ARDS is

Answer 1

sudden respiratory failure due to fluid accumulation in alveoli.
usually occurs in those that are already critically ill
fatal in 25-40% of people
if you do survive, normal lung function doesnt come back for a year or more

Question 2

PT management for asthma

Answer 2

caregiver education
airway clearance
breathing techniques
relaxation
endurance and strength training

Question 3

Atelectasis causes

Answer 3

post-op pain, pleural effusion, tumor, ARDS, asthma, COPD, CF

Question 4

Bronchiectasis

Answer 4

progressive obstructive disease the produces abnormal dilation of bronchus.
irreversible

Question 5

S/s of bronchiectasis

Answer 5

consistent productive cough
hemoptysis
crackles
wheezing
loud breath sound

Question 6

Bronchitis

Answer 6

hypertrophy of mucus secreting glands
increased mucus secretions
insufficient oxygenation due to mucus blockage

Question 7

Chronic bronchitis is characterized by

Answer 7

productive cough for 3 months over the course of 2 consecutive years

Question 8

Causes of Bronchitis

Answer 8

cigarette smoking
exposure to air pollutants also

Question 9

Pts with chronic bronchitis present with cough that

Answer 9

is worse in morning and damp weather

Question 10

COPD main ones

Answer 10

emphysema
chronic bronchitis
also chronic asthmatic bronchitis

Question 11

Pts have increased …. and significant increase in…. with COPD.

Answer 11

total lung capacity
RV

Question 12

CF affecs

Answer 12

lungs, pancreas, liver, intestines, sinuses and sex organs

Question 13

S/s of CF

Answer 13

salty tasting skin
persistent and productive cough
frequent lung infections
wheezing
SOB
poor growth/weight gain in spite of good appetite
frequent greasy, bulky stools

Question 14

PT for CF

Answer 14

airway clearance, breathing techniques
assisted cough
ventilatory muscle training

Question 15

Emphysema

Answer 15

alveolar walls are gradually destroyed
from smoking
orthopnea
barrel chest

Question 16

Pleural effusion

Answer 16

buildup of fluid in pleural space between lungs and chest cavity causing atelectasis
Fluid can get infected and turns into abscess its called empyema

Question 17

s/s of pleural effusion

Answer 17

SOB
dry cough
fever
chills

Question 18

Pneumonia

Answer 18

inflammation of lungs

Question 19

s/s pneumonia

Answer 19

fever, cough, SOB, sweating, shaking chills, chest pain that fluctuates with breathing, headache, muscle pain and fatigue

Question 20

Acute pulmonary edema is

Answer 20

a medical emergency

Question 21

Pulmonary edema occurs when

Answer 21

LV is unable to pump blood adequately

Question 22

Non cardiac pulmonary edema

Answer 22

fluid leaks from capillaries within alevoli
may be a result of pneumonia, exposure to certain toxins and medications, smoke inhalation, respiratory distress syndrome and living at high elevations.

Question 23

S/s of acute pulmonary edema

Answer 23

sudden SOB, profuse sweating
bubbly, wheezing or gasping sound during breathing
cough that produces frothy sputum tinged with blood
cyanotic skin color
rapid, irregular pulse
severe drop in BP

Question 24

Common s/s of PE

Answer 24

sudden SOB
chest pain that is worse with deep breathing
coughing
eating or bending
coughing up bloody or blood-streaked sputum
wheezing
LE swelling
excessive sweating
rapid or irregular pulse
lightheadedness
fainting

Question 25

Clinical prediction rules for PE

Answer 25

DVT-at least leg swelling and pain with palpation Alt diagnoses less likely HR >100 Immobilization or surgery in last 4 weeks previous DVT or PE Heoptysis malignancy or 6 months prior

Question 26

Clinical prediction rules scoring for PE

Answer 26

<2 points= low 2-6 points= moderate >6 points= high

Question 27

Updated rules for scoring PE (2 options)

Answer 27

>4 =PE likely <4= PE is unlikely >1 point=likely <1 point= unlikely

Question 28

Long-COVID symptoms

Answer 28

MSK pain memory loss, brain fog fatigue, SOB, chest pain/tightness diarrhea and stomach pain loss of smell, altered taste etc

Question 29

PTs need to be alert for post-exertional malaise from long covid, PEM?

Answer 29

worsening of symptoms following minor physical or mental exertion. 12-48 hours after activity and lasts for days or weeks

Question 30

Pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 30

microscopic damage to alveoli causing irreversible scarring Idiopathic=unknown cause silicosis= silica dust exposure asbestos radiation

Question 31

s/s of pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 31

dry cough

Question 32

Restrictive lung diseases

Answer 32

abnormal lung expansion and ventilation atelectasis pneumonia pulmonary fibrosis pulmonary edema ARDS pleural effusion pleural fibrosis pneumothorax hemothorax decrease in resp drive neurologic and neuromuscular disease muscle disease or weakness thoracic deformity connective tissue disorders pregnancy obesity ascites

Question 33

s/s of restrictive lung diseases

Answer 33

non-productive cough hypoxemia decreased VC abnormal breath sounds