cardiorespiratory system

Question 1

describe the nose and mouth in the pathway of air into the lungs

Answer 1

air enters the body through here

Question 1

describe the trachea in the pathway of air into the lungs

Answer 1

• air from the nose and mouth enters the wind pipe called the trachea
• the trachea is surrounded by rings of cartilage to keep its shape and prevent it collapsing

Question 2

describe the bronchi in the pathway of air into the lungs

Answer 2

• air travels from the trachea and to each lung via a bronchus
• bronchi is the term for both the left and right bronchus
• the passage of air gets smaller and smaller

Question 3

describe the bronchioles in the pathway of air into the lungs

Answer 3

• the smaller airways that branch off the bronchi are called bronchioles
• bronchioles branch out throughout the lungs and carry the air from the bronchi to the alveoli

Question 4

describe the alveoli in the pathway of air into the lungs

Answer 4

• the bronchioles carry the air to the alveoli which are tiny air sacs
• they are attached to the bronchioles
• the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs here

Question 5

what is the order of the pathway of air into the lungs

Answer 5

1. nose/ mouth
2. trachea
3. bronchi
4. bronchioles
5. alveoli

Question 6

what are the different blood vessels

Answer 6

• artery
• vein
• capillary

Question 7

describe an artery

Answer 7

• thick muscular walls
• thick elastic walls
• small lumen
• carries blood at high pressure
• carries blood away from the heart
• carries oxygenates blood (except pulmonary artery)

Question 8

describe a vein

Answer 8

• thin walls
• large lumen
• carries blood at low pressure
• contain valves (prevent backflow)
• carries deoxygenates blood (except pulmonary vein)

Question 9

describe a capillary

Answer 9

• very thin walls (one cell thick)
• small lumen
• link smaller arteries with small veins
• allows gaseous exchange
• carries blood at low pressure

Question 10

describe gaseous exchange

Answer 10

• gases move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration (diffusion)
• oxygen is diffused into the blood, it binds with haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin
• oxyhaemoglobin is transported to the working muscles where it is used for aerobic activity
• during aerobic activity carbon dioxide is produced- removed from the muscles by haemoglobin
• gaseous exchange occurs at the alveoli- capillaries- muscle tissue

Question 11

how is the alveoli adapted for gaseous exchange

Answer 11

• have tiny air sacs with moist thin walls (one cell thick)- short diffusion distance
• have a large surface area- contain millions of alveoli
• surrounded by capillaries- maintains concentration gradient and provides a large blood supply

Question 12

why/ when is blood redistributed

Answer 12

• when we exercise
• the working muscles need more oxygen than other inactive areas of the body such as the stomach
• blood is diverted away from inactive areas to the working muscles

Question 13

what is vasoconstriction

Answer 13

• blood vessels constrict, make them smaller
• chemical changes signal the nervous system to constrict blood vessels to inactive areas

Question 14

what is vasodilation

Answer 14

• blood vessels dilate to make them bigger
• chemical changes signal the nervous system to dilate blood vessels that supply active areas

Question 15

what is cardiac output

Answer 15

amount of blood leaving the heart per minute

Question 16

what is stroke volume

Answer 16

amount of blood ejected from the heart per beat

Question 17

what is heart rate

Answer 17

number of times the heart beats per minute

Question 18

describe the mechanics of breathing during inspiration

Answer 18

• diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
• ribs move upwards and outwards
• chest cavity volume increases
• air is forced into the lungs

Question 19

describe the mechanics of breathing during expiration

Answer 19

• diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax
• ribs lower and move downwards and inwards
• chest cavity decreases in volume
• air is forced out of the lungs

Question 20

describe the mechanics of breathing during inspiration during exercise

Answer 20

pectorals and sternocleidomastoid muscles raise the sternum allowing the lungs to expand further

Question 21

describe the mechanics of breathing during expiration during exercise

Answer 21

rib cage is pulled down quicker due to the abdominal muscles contracting

Question 22

what is tidal volume

Answer 22

the amount of air inspired or expired in a normal breath

Question 23

what is vital capacity

Answer 23

the maximum amount of air the lungs can expire after the maximum inspiration

Question 24

what is the expiratory reserve volume

Answer 24

the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled in addition to tidal volume

Question 25

what is the inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 25

the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to tidal volume

Question 26

what is residual volume

Answer 26

the amount of air that remains in the lungs even after a forced maximal exhalation

Question 27

fill in the gaps: tidal volume during exercise _________. Breathing rate and depth _______ due to meet the demand of oxygen, ______ _______ is also removed

Answer 27

- increases - increase - carbon dioxide

Question 28

what is it called when immediately before exercise the heart rate increases

Answer 28

- anticipatory rise - due to the release of the hormone adrenaline

Question 29

when you start to exercise, heart rate increases- why?

Answer 29

- due to the demand of oxygen - thus cardiac output also increases

Question 30

fill in the blanks: during __________ exercise, heart rate levels because it is sustaining the amount of ______ needed immediately after exercise, heart rate ________ sharply, as exercise has stopped and the demand for oxygen has _______

Answer 30

- continuous - oxygen - decreases - reduced

Question 31

state the cardiac cycle pathway of blood (starting from right ventricle)

Answer 31

- right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs (gaseous exchange- blood is oxygenates) - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta - body (gaseous exchange- blood is deoxygenated) - vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle (cycle repeats)

Question 32

what happens at the right ventricle in the cardiac cycle

Answer 32

- it relaxes (diastole) and fills with deoxygenated blood - then contracts (systole) pushing the deoxygenated blood through the valves to the pulmonary artery

Question 33

what happens at the pulmonary artery in the cardiac cycle

Answer 33

- carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs - blood becomes oxygenated

Question 34

what happens at the pulmonary vein in the cardiac cycle

Answer 34

- transports the oxygenated blood back to the heart and into the left atrium

Question 35

what happens in the left atrium in the cardiac cycle

Answer 35

- fills with oxygenated blood - contracts (systole) ejecting oxygenated blood through a valve and into the left ventricle

Question 36

what happens in the left ventricle in the cardiac cycle

Answer 36

- it relaxes (diastole) and fills with oxygenated blood - then contracts (systole) pushing the oxygenated valves to the aorta

Question 37

what happens at the aorta in the cardiac cycle

Answer 37

- carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle to the working muscles - the blood then becomes deoxygenated

Question 38

what happens at the vena cava in the cardiac cycle

Answer 38

- is the main vein bringing deoxygenated blood back to the heart and into the right atrium

Question 39

what happens at the right atrium in the cardiac cycle

Answer 39

- contracts (systole) ejecting deoxygenated blood through a valve and into the right ventricle

Question 40

what is systole and diastole in the cardiac cycle

Answer 40

SYSTOLE - occurs when the heart contracts to pump blood out DIASTOLE - occurs when the heart relaxes and refills with blood