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musculoskeletal system Flashcards

paper 1 (82 cards)

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1
Q

what are the functions of the skeleton

A
  • support
  • protection of vital organs
  • structural shape and muscle attachment
  • movement
  • blood cell production
  • mineral storage
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2
Q

what does support mean

A

keeps us upright and hold the rest of the body (muscles and organs) in place

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3
Q

what protection mean

A

some bones surround and protect vital organs from damage

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4
Q

what does structural shape and muscle attachment mean

A

the skeleton provides support by providing structural shape for muscles and tissues to attach

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5
Q

what does movement mean

A

bones provide anchors for muscles to attach. tendons attach muscle to bones. muscles pull on bones to create movement

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6
Q

what does blood cell production mean

A

RBC carry oxygen
WBC fight infection
platelets clot blood

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7
Q

what does mineral storage mean

A

calcium and phosphorus is stored in the bones to keep them strong

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8
Q

what is synovial fluid

A

lubricates and reduces friction of the joint, supplies nutrients and removes waste products

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9
Q

what is the synovial membrane

A

contains and releases synovial fluid

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10
Q

what is the articular cartilage

A

prevents bones from rubbing and acts as a shock absorber

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11
Q

what is a ligament

A

joins BONE to BONE, helps stabilise the joint

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12
Q

what is the bursae

A

fluid filled sacs that provides a cushion between the tendons and bones, reducing friction

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13
Q

what is a tendon

A

joins MUSCLE to BONE

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14
Q

what are the different possible movements at a joint

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • plantar flexion
  • dorsi flexion
  • rotation
  • circumduction
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15
Q

what is flexion

A

bending movement, decreasing the angle at the joint

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16
Q

what is extension

A

straightening movement, increasing the angle at the joint

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17
Q

what is abduction

A

moving away from the midline of the body

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18
Q

what is adduction

A

moving towards the midline of the body

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19
Q

what is plantar flexion

A

pointing the toe downwards

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20
Q

what is dorsi flexion

A

pointing the toes upwards

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21
Q

what is a rotation

A

rotation around a joint or axis

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22
Q

what is circumduction

A

movement in the shape of a cone, flexion/ extension/ abduction/ adduction

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23
Q

what are the two types of freely movable joints

A
  • hinge joint
  • ball and socket joint
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24
Q

where are hinge joints found, and what movement do they allow

A
  • at the elbow, knee, ankle
  • flexion, extension
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25
where are ball and socket joints found, and what movement do they allow
- at the hip, shoulder - flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction
26
what are the different types of bones
- long bones - short bones - flat bones - irregular bones
27
what are long bones
- longer than they are wide - enable gross movements by working as levers - e.g. humerus, tibia, ulna
28
what are short bones
- as wide as they are long - allow finer controlled movements - e.g. tarsals (ankle) and carpals (wrist)
29
what are flat bones
- protect organs - offer a broad surface for muscles to attach to - e.g. ribs protect internal organs when getting tackled in rugby
30
what are irregular bones
- have odd shapes and perform a range of functions - e.g. vertebrae
31
what are the different muscular contractions
- isotonic muscle contraction - isometric muscle contraction
32
what is an isotonic muscle contraction
- those that result in movement - e.g. running and jumping
33
what is an isometric muscle contraction
- when the muscle contracts but no movement - e.g. holding a balance
34
what is a concentric muscle contraction
- when the muscle shortens during the contraction - positive, upward phase
35
what is an eccentric muscle contraction
- when the muscle lengthens during the contraction - negative, downwards phase
36
what are articulating bones give an example
- where two or more bones meet to allow movement at a joint - e.g. humerus and radius/ ulna
37
define 'agonist'
muscle or group of muscles responsible for movement
38
define 'antagonist'
muscles that act to produce the opposite movement to the agonist
39
how do muscles work
in antagonistic pairs
40
name the agonist and antagonist when doing the upwards phase of a bicep curl
agonist- bicep antagonist- triceps
41
name the agonist and antagonist when straightening the arm to punch
agonist- triceps antagonist- bicep
42
what are the antagonistic pairs
- quadriceps and hamstrings - hip flexors and gluteus maximus - gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior - biceps and triceps
43
what contraction do the biceps do in: 1: upward phase of a bicep curl 2: downward phase of a bicep curl
1. contracting concentrically 2. contracting eccentrically
44
what is the bone at the kneecap
patella
45
what bone is at the front of the lower leg
tibia
46
what bone is at the back/ side of the lower leg
fibula
47
what bone connects to the ankle
talus
48
what is the bone on the upper leg
femur
49
what is the hip bone
pelvis
50
what is the upper arm bone
humerus
51
what is the bone in the middle of the chest
sternum
52
what is the skull called
cranium
53
what is the shoulder blade called
clavicle
54
what bone is attached to the thumb in the lower arm
radius
55
what is the other bone in the lower arm
ulna
56
what is the back bone (spine) called
vertebrae
57
where is the deltoid found
muscle on the upper arm and top of shoulder
58
what is the function of the deltoid give a sporting example
- move the upper arm (shoulder) in all directions - serve in tennis, front crawl, cricket bowling
59
where is the latissimus dorsi found
back muscle from the lower spine to the upper arm
60
what is the function of the latissimus dorsi give a sporting example
- adducts and extends the arm at the shoulder - butterfly stroke, pull ups, rowing stroke
61
where is the rotator cuff found
on the scapula in the shoulder
62
what is the function of the rotator cuff give a sporting example
- rotation of the shoulder - bowling in cricket, swimming front crawl
63
where are the pectoralis major found
muscle covering the chest
64
what is the function of the pectoralis major give a sporting example
- adducts the arm at the shoulder - forehand shot, hand off in rugby, boxing hook
65
where are the abdominals found
side of the abdomen
66
what is the function of the abdominals give a sporting example
- pulls the chest downwards, flexion of the spinal column - crunches
67
where are the biceps found
front of the upper arm
68
what is the function of the biceps give a sporting example
- elbow flexion - boxing uppercut, preparing to throw a javelin
69
where are the triceps found
back of the upper arm
70
what is the function of the triceps give a sporting example
- elbow extension - throwing a javelin, hand off in rugby, boxing jab
71
where are the gluteus maximus found
form the buttocks
72
what is the function of the gluteus maximus give a sporting example
- adducts and extends the hips, pulling the leg backwards - pull leg back before kicking a ball
73
where are the hip flexors found
front of the hip
74
what is the function of the hip flexors give a sporting example
- flexes the hip, moves the hip upwards - lifting knees when sprinting
75
where are the quadriceps found
front of the upper leg
76
what is the function of the quadriceps give a sporting example
- knee extension - kicking a ball, jumping upwards on a lay-up shot
77
where are the hamstrings found
back of the upper leg
78
what is the function of the hamstrings give a sporting example
- knee flexion - bending knee before kicking a ball
79
where is the gastrocnemius found
calf muscle, attached by the Achilles tendon
80
what is the function of the gastrocnemius give a sporting example
- plantar flexion, points the toes - running, diving and gymnastics
81
where is the tibialis anterior found
muscle the runs down the shin
82
what is the function of the tibialis anterior give a sporting example
- dorsi flexion, pulls toes upwards - ski jumping, hurdling

gcse pe (31 decks)

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