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Anatomy > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Types of blood vessels

A

Arteries (carry blood away from the heart)
Veins (return blood to the heart)
Capillaries (connect the smallest arteries to the smallest veins)

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2
Q

Blood vessel layers

A

Tunica externa
Tunica media
Tunica intima (endothelium)

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3
Q

Tunica externa

A

Outer layer of fibrous connective tissue that supports and protect the vessel

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4
Q

Tunica media

A

Middle layer of smooth muscle and elastic tissue

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5
Q

Tunica intima

A

Innermost layer that keeps blood from sticking to vessel walls so it can flow freely

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6
Q

Categories of arteries

A

Conducting arteries
Distributing arteries
Arterioles

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7
Q

Conducting arteries

A

Largest
Closest to heart
Elastic

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8
Q

Distributing arteries

A

Lead to specific organs
Muscular

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9
Q

Arterioles

A

Smallest
Resistance vessels

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10
Q

Veins

A

Become smaller as they lead away from the heart
Have thinner walls than artistes
Have a great ability to stretch
Can constrict extensively

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11
Q

Categories of veins

A

Venules
Medium sized veins
Large veins

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12
Q

Venules

A

Smallest
Have thin, porous walls

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13
Q

Medium sized veins

A

Formed by convergence of Venules
Contain one way valves

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14
Q

Large veins

A

Formed by convergence of Venules
Have thick tunica externa

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15
Q

Capillaries

A

Microscopic
Link Arterioles to Venules
Are exchange vessels
Have extremely thin walls
Have very small diameters

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16
Q

Capillary exchange

A

Walls allow for two way exchange
Release chemicals (such as oxygen, glucose) to tissues
Take up waste
Mechanisms of exchange include diffusion, filtration and osmosis

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17
Q

Capillaries release oxygen and take up carbon dioxide from surrounding tissue through the process of ?

A

Diffusion

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18
Q

What is the pathway of pulmonary circulation?

A

-Blood leaves the right ventricle through the pulmonary trunk into the right and left pulmonary arteries
-pulmonary arteries enter the lungs where they branch into lobar arteries and then into capillary beds
-capillaries from Venules which merge into veins
-Veins merge until they form the pulmonary vein, which returns blood to the left atrium

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19
Q

What is the pathway of systemic circulation

A

-blood leaves the left ventricle into the ascending aorta, the aortic arch and the descending aorta
-arteries branch off the aorta to supply blood to the heart, head neck and body
-arteries branch into Arterioles which join capillaries
-capillaries merge to form Venules; which marge to form veins
-veins marge into the superior and inferior vena cava which returns the blood to the right atrium

20
Q

Peripheral Resistance

A
  • Resistance to flow results from friction of blood against walls of vessels.
  • Amount of friction depends on
    ◦ Blood viscosity
    ◦ Vessel diameter
21
Q
  • Vasoconstriction
A
  • Adjusting the diameter of vessels is the chief way of controlling blood pressure.
  • Vasodilation
  • Blood Velocity
  • Vessel diameter affects how fast blood flows.
22
Q

What is the pathway of systemic circulation?

A

◦ Left ventricle to Aortic Valve to Aorta
◦ Aorta to Arteries to Arterioles to Capillaries
◦ Capillaries to Venules to Veins
◦ Veins to SVC/IVC to Right Atrium

23
Q
  • Components of the Lymphatic System:
A

Lymphatic vessles
Lymph
Lympahtic tissue
Lymphatic organs

24
Q

Functions of the Lymphatic System

A
  • Maintenance of fluid balance
  • Absorption of fats
  • Immunity
25
Q
  • How do lymphatic vessels function?
A

◦ Lymph fluid containing bacteria, lymphocytes, and other cells flows
into the vessels through gaps between the cells
◦ The vessels converge to form larger lymph vessels that periodically
empty into lymph nodes
◦ Eventually the lymph vessels converge into two collecting ducts:
-Right lymphatic duct
-Thoracic duct

26
Q

Lymphatic Tissues

A
  • Consist of patches of specialized tissue throughout the body
  • House a variety of lymphocytes
  • Lymphocytes also reside in mucosa linings
    ◦ Known as mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (M A L T)
    ◦ Allow body to protect against invaders
27
Q

Tonsils

A

Pharyngeal tonsil
Palatine tonsil
Lingual tonsils

28
Q

-Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)-

A

sits on the wall of the pharynx, just behind the nasal cavity

29
Q

-Palatine tonsil

A

Lies in the posterior of the oral cavity (visible ones at back of throat)

30
Q

Lingual tonsils

A

Concentrated patches on each side of the base of the tounge

31
Q

Thymus

A
  • Produces a hormone called thymosin that stimulates lymphocyte
    production
  • Training ground for lymphocytes
    ◦ Immature T lymphocytes travel from red bone marrow to learn from
    other lymphoid cells
  • Shrinks as we age
32
Q
  • Roles of the lymph nodes:
A

◦ Remove pathogens and foreign material in the lymph
◦ Location of some lymphocyte and monocyte maturation

33
Q

Major lymph node clusters:

A

Cervical lymph nodes in the neck
◦ Axillary lymph nodes in the armpit
◦ Inguinal lymph nodes in the groin

34
Q

Spleen Functions

A
  • Immunity
  • Destruction of old red blood cells
  • Blood storage
  • Hematopoiesis
35
Q

Three Lines of Defense

A
  • First: External barriers (skin)
  • Second: Nonspecific immunity (external opeinings like mouth, ear, nose)
  • Third: Specific immunity (specific immunity)
36
Q

Nonspecific Immunity

A
  • External barriers (skin)
  • Phagocytosis (macrophages, neutrophils)
  • Antimicrobial proteins
  • Natural killer cells
  • Inflammation
  • Fever
37
Q

Phagocytosis

A

◦ Neutrophils (leave vessels to enter inflamed tissue to destroy
pathogens)
◦ Macrophages that evolve from monocytes (congregate in areas
where microbial invasion is likely, such as the alveoli, liver, spleen,etc.)

38
Q

Interferons

A

a cell that is infected by a virus releases interferon to
bind to non-infected cells, causing them to produce enzymes that
will prevent (interfere) with virus replication if they also become infected

39
Q

Complement system

A

20 different proteins that circulate in an
inactive form until activated by bacteria or antibodies

40
Q

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity

A

Aims to destroy foreign cells or infected host cells

41
Q

Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

A

Sends antibodies to mark pathogen for later destruction

42
Q

B cells

A

Develop from stem cells in red bone marrow
Mature in bone marrow
Then travel to lymphatic organs and tissues

43
Q

T cells

A

Develop from stem cells in red bone marrow
Mature in thymus gland
Then travel to lymphatic organs and tissues

44
Q

Five classes of antibodies

A

◦ IgA
◦ IgD
◦ IgE
◦ IgG
◦ IgM

45
Q

three classes of T cells

A

◦ Cytotoxic T cells: Carry out attack
◦ Helper T cells: Supportive role
◦ Memory T cells: For future infections

Anatomy (9 decks)

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