Nervous System Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
Roles of NS
A
Sensing
Integrating
Responding
2
Q
What does CNS consist of
A
Brain and spinal cord
3
Q
What does PNS consist of
A
Sensory and motor
4
Q
Sensory (afferent)
A
Carries signals from the nerve endings to the CNS
5
Q
Motor (efferent)
A
Division transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body
6
Q
Four type of neuralgia in the CNS
A
Oligondendocytes
Ependymal xells
Microglia
Astrocytes
7
Q
Olingodendeocytes
A
Form the myelin sheikh in the brain and spinal cord
(Oligo=few)
8
Q
Ependymal cells
A
Line the spinal cord and cavities of the brain
9
Q
Microglia
A
Perform phagocytosis of micro-organisms and cellular debris
10
Q
Astrocytes
A
Nourish neurons in the brain tissue
11
Q
Neuroglia in the PNS
A
Schwann cells
Satellite cells
12
Q
Schwann cells
A
Form the myelin sheath around nerves in the PNS
13
Q
Satellite cells
A
Nourish the neurons
14
Q
Classes of neurons
A
Sensory neurons
Interneurons
Motor neurons
15
Q
Sensory neurons (afferent)
A
Detect stimuli and transmit information to the CNS
16
Q
Interneurons
A
Connect incoming sensory pathways with outgoing motor pathways
17
Q
Motor neurons (efferent)
A
Relay messages from the brain to the muscle or gland cells
18
Q
Neuron structure
A
Soma
Dendrites
Axon
Myelin sheath
Nodes of ranvier
Synaptic knob
19
Q
Soma
A
The cell body
Control center that contains the nucleus
20
Q
Dendrites
A
Received signals from the other neurons and send the info to the stoma
21
Q
Axon
A
Carry signals w away from the soma
22
Q
Myelin sheath
A
Insulates the axon
23
Q
Nodes of ranvier
A
Gaps in the myelin sheath that assist with conduction of impulse
24
Q
Synaptic knob
A
Neurotransmitter- containing vesicles at the end of the axon branches
25
Those of neurons
Multipolar neurons
Bipolar neurons
Unipolar neurons
26
What role does the sodium potassium pump play in the nervous system ?
Is it part of the nerve transmission process
27
Impulse conduction
1. Resting potential
2. Depolarization
3. Action potential
4. Repolarization
5. Refractory period
28
Resting potential
Outside the cell
Na+; inside = K+ and negative ions
29
Depolarization
Stimulus causes Ana+ to enter cell
30
Action potential
Stimulus goes above the threshold level
Channels open and more Na+ enters the cell
31
Repolarization
K+ flows out of the cell; electrical balance is restored
Na+ and K+ are now in the wrong side
32
Refractory period
Sodium potsssium pump works to return Na+ and K+ to correct side
33
Synapses
Electrical synapse
Chemical synapse
34
Electrical synapse
The neurons touch which allows an action potential to pass directly from one neuron to the next
35
Chemical synapse
The neurons do not touch so neurotransmitters are used to cross the synaptic cleft and carry the message from the pre synaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron
36
Parts of spinal cord
Cauda equina
Ascending tract
Descending tract
37
Cuada equina
Bundle of nerve roots that protrude from the end of the spinal cord
38
Ascending tract
Conveys sensory signals up the spinal cord
39
Descending tract
Conveys impulses down the spinal cord to the skeletal muscles
40
Gray matter vs white matter
Gray matter contains no myelin
White matter contains myelin
41
What does gray matter contain
Contains motor neurons and Interneurons
42
What does white matter contain
Contains bundles of axons that carry impulses away from one part of the nerve system to another
43
Contains
44
Epidural space
Area between the dura matter
Contains blood vessels, connective tissue and fat
Contains cerebrospinal fluid
45
Meningeal layer
Pia matter (inner most layer, contains blood vessels)
Arachnoid matter (middle layer, thin)
Dura matter (outer layer, tough)
46
How many cervical nerves
8
47
How many thoracic nerves
12
48
How many lumbar nerves
5
49
How many sacral nerves
5
50
How many cocygeal nerves
1
51
How many pairs of spinal nerves?
31
52
4 major regions of the brain
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brain stem
53
What are gyri and sulci
Gyri; ridges of the brain
Sluci; grooves of the brain
54
Diencephalon
Between the cerebrum and the midbrain
55
Components of the brain stem
Mid brain
Pons
Medulla oblagonta
56
Longitudinal fissure
Feel groove that divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres.
57
Corpus callosum
Bundle of nerves that connect the left and right hemisphere
58
Where in the brain do you find gray matter
Surface of the brain (covering the cerebrum and cerebellum)
In patches (nuclei) in the white matter
59
Where in the brain do you find white matter
Underneath the cerebral cortex
60
Two layers of the dura matter
Periosteal layer (attached to inside the skull)
Meningeal layer (covers the brain)
61
Diesel sinuses
Spaces in the dura matter than collects blood that has passed through the brain and needs to be returned to the heart
62
Subdural space
Separates the dura matter from the arachnoid mater
63
Subarachnoid space
Separates the arachnoid mater from the pia mater
64
Role of the midbrain
Contains tracts that relay sensory and motor impulses
Contains centres for auditory and visual reflexes
Contains clusters of neurons integral to muscle control
65
Role of pons
Contains tracts that convey signals to and from different parts of the brain
66
Major centres of the medulla oblagonta
Cardiac center
Vasomotor center
Two respiratory centres
67
Roles of cerebellum
Monitors the body movements
Sends messages for balance, coordination and posture
Stores the info needed for muscle groups ti work together in coordinated movement
Evaluates sensory input (touch, sound)
68
Roles of thalamus in the Diencephalon
Processes sensory inputs and decides which ones to transmit to the cerebral cortex
Involved in memory and emotion
69
Roles of hypothalamus in the Diencephalon
Controls the autonomic nervous system
Contains centres for hunger, thirst; and temperature regulation
Controls the pituitary gland
Play a role in many emotional responses (anger, fear, pleasure..)
70
What does the front lobe control?
Voluntary movements
Memory
Emotion
Social judgment
Decision making
Reasoning
Aggression
Certain personality aspects
71
What does the temporal lobe control?
Hearing
Smell
Learning
Memory
Emotional behaviour
Visual recognition
72
What does the parietal lobe control?
Relieving and interpreting bodily sensations (touch, temp, pressure, pain)
Awareness of one’s body and body parts in space and relation to eachother m
73
What does occipital lobe control?
Vision
Visual information
74
What does the insular lobe control
Perception
Motor control
Self awareness
Cognitive functioning
75
Two key structures of limbic system
Hippocampus
Amygdala
76
Hippocampus
Converts short term memory into long term memory
77
Amygdala
Stores and recalls emotions from past events
Emotions, jealousy, anger
78
Nerve I & function
Olfactory nerve
Sense of smell
79
Nerve II & function
Optic nerve
Vision
80
Nerve III & function
Oculomotor nerve
Pupil constriction and voluntary eye movements
81
Nerve IV & function
Trochlear nerve
Eye movements
82
Nerve V & functions
Trigeminal nerve
Touch, temp, pain on face
Also controls, chewing and detects lower jaw sensations
83
Nerve VII & function
Facial nerve
Taste , facial expression, and secretion of tears and saliva
84
Nerve VIII & function
Vestibulochochlear nerve
Hearing and balance
85
Nerve IX & function
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Tounge movement, sensation
Also plays a role in blood pressure regulation
86
Nerve X & function
Vagus nerve
Many heart, lung, digestion and urinary functions
87
Nerve XI & function
Spinal accessory nerve
Movement of the head, neck and shoulders
88
Nerve XII & function
Hypoglossal nerve
Tounge movement
