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Anatomy > Cells, Tissues, Organs And Skin > Flashcards

Cells, Tissues, Organs And Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Nerve cells

A

Long extensions allow these cells to quickly transmit electrical impulses from one part of the body to another

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2
Q

Muscle cells

A

Elongated, thread like fibers can shorten to allow body parts to move

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3
Q

Red blood cells

A

Concave shape allows these cells to bend and squeeze through tiny blood vessels

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4
Q

Gland cells

A

Intracellular sacs store and releases substances, such as hormones, enzymes, mucus and sweat

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5
Q

Immune cells

A

These cells can recognize and destroy foreign invaders (such as viruses, bacteria)

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6
Q

Plasma membrane

A

The boundary of the cell
Regulates what passes in and out of the cell
The cholesterol in the membrane provides stiffness and strength

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7
Q

Purpose of proteins in the plasma membrane

A

Channels for solutes to pass through
Receptors to specific chemical or hormones
Attached to carbohydrates to form glycoproteins which are a marker to allow the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign invaders

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8
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double layered membrane surrounding the nucleus

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

Center
Components of ribosomes are manufactured

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10
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A gel like substance surrounding the nucleus and packed with various organelles and molecules

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11
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Has ribosomes on it (ribosomes make proteins)
Produce proteins for the rest of the cell

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12
Q

Smooth endoplamis reticulum

A

Synthesizes lipids, and carbohydrates

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13
Q

Golgi apartus

A

Receives proteins from the ER and prepares and packages rhem for export to other parts of the body

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14
Q

Lysosomes

A

Pinches off pieces of the golgi that contain enzymes to break down proteins the cell doesn’t need so the amino acids can be “reused”
Can also destroy bacteria

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15
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelle that converts organic compounds into ATP

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16
Q

ATP

A

Storing and transferring energy in cells

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17
Q

Microvilli

A

Folds of the cell membrane that greatly increase the surface area of a cell

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18
Q

Cilia

A

Hair like processes along the surface of a cell
Move mucus and foreign particles out of the lungs and Fallopian tubes

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19
Q

Flagella

A

Whip like motion that helps move a cell
(Tail of a Sperm)

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20
Q

Passive transport

A

Movement of ions and other substances across cell membranes without the need of energy
Moves with the concentration gradient

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21
Q

Active transport

A

Transport process in which solutes move from areas of lesser to greater concentration
Requires energy (ATP)

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22
Q

Diffusion

A

A passive transport mechanism that involves the movement of particles from an area of high to low

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23
Q

Osmosis

A

Water moves not the particles to reach equilibrium
A passive transport mechanism involving the diffusion of water from an area of greater concentration of water to an area of lesser concentration of water

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24
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Transport process involving diffusion of a substance through a Chanel protein

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25
Q

Filtration

A

Differences in pressure causes movement of particles

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26
Q

Endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Exocytosis

27
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cells engulf a solid particle and brings it into the cell

28
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Fluid and dissolved particles are trapped in plasma membrane and brought into the cell

29
Q

Exocytosis

A

Form of vesicular transport that releases substances outside the cell

30
Q

Types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

31
Q

Main phases of protein synthesis

A

Transcription
Translation

32
Q

Cell cycle


A

G1
Synthesis
G2
Mitotic phase

33
Q

Mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

34
Q

Prophase (supercoiling)

A

Chromatin begins to coil and condense to form chromosomes
Chromosomes have chromatids , each with a molecule of DNA, which join together at the centromere
Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cells and the nuclear envelope disappears

35
Q

Metaphase (middle)

A

Spindle fibers attatch to one side of the chromosomes at the centromere
The chromosomes line up alone the center of the cell

36
Q

Anaphase

A

The centromere divide, which forms two chromosomes
The spindle fibers pull the new chrosmoeoms to opposite sides of the cell

37
Q

Telophase

A

A new nuclear envelope develops around each set of “daughter” chromosomes
The spindle fibers disappear
Cytoplasm divides to form to identical “daughter” cells (cytokinesis)

38
Q

Characteristic of epithelial cells

A

Continuous sheet of tightly packed cells
Covers the body’s surface, lines body cavities and many of the organs
Forms certain glands

39
Q

Epithelial tissue based on shape

A

Squamous(flat)
Cuboidal (cube)
Columnar (column)

40
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer most cell. Gives rise to epidermis and nervous system (epidermis, nervous tissue)

41
Q

Endoderm

A

Inner most cell.
Produces mucus membrane of respiratory track, thyroid gland, secretory parts of pancreas

42
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle of cell
Gives rise to connective and muscle tissue

43
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Can stretch without breaking , changes shape from cuboidal to squamous
Ex. Bladder

44
Q

Exocrine glands (outside)

A

Secrete into ducts that empty onto the body surface or into a body cavity
Ex. Sweat glands, mammary glands, digestive glands

45
Q

Endocrine glands (inside)

A

Secrete hormones directly into the blood
Ex thyroid , pituitary

46
Q

fibrous connective tissue loose

A

Areolar- collagen and elastin
Adipose- fat cells
Reticular - loose network of reticular fibers and cells

47
Q

Fibrous tissue dense

A

Tendons - attach muscles to bones
Ligaments - attatch bones to muscle
Fascia - bind together organs and muscles

48
Q

Regeneration

A

Damaged tissue cells are replaced with the same type of cell

49
Q

Fibrsois

A

Damaged tissue is replace with scar tissue

50
Q

Mucus membrane

A

Line surfaces that open to the exterior of the body
Protects the cells in the membrane
Lubricant to propel food through the digestive tract
Traps dust and bacteria in the respiratory tract

51
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Also known as the skin

52
Q

Serous membrane

A

Parietal - lines the wall of a cavity
Viscreal- part of the parietal membrane that folds back and covers the organ

53
Q

Osseous tissue

A

Bone tissue

54
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

The most common type of cartilage , found in joints , larynx and trachea

55
Q

Melanocytes

A

Cells scattered throughout the basal layer of the epidermis that secrete melanin

56
Q

Melanin

A

Pigment produced by melanocytes that gives colour to the hair and skin

57
Q

Functions of the skin

A

Protection
Barrier
Vitamin D perception
Sensory perception
Thermoregulation

58
Q

Eccrine glands

A

Glands located throughout the body that secrete sweat directly onto the skins surface, which helps control body temperature

59
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Glands located mainly in axillary and anogenital areas that secrete sweat in response to stress and sexual stimulation

60
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

Produce sebum, which helps keep the skin and hair from drying out and becoming brittle

61
Q

Ceremonious glands

A

Found in the external ear canal
Produce cerumen (ear wax)

62
Q

Alopecia

A

Excessive hair loss

63
Q

Papilla

A

A cluster of connective tissue and blood vesicles at the base of the hair

64
Q

Arrector pilli

A

Attached to each hair follicle is a small bundle of smooth muscle
Cold temperatures or emotions such as fear will get the hair to stand up

Anatomy (9 decks)

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