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cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two anatomically systems of blood vessels which the heart pumps blood into

A

the pulmonary circulation

the systemic cirucultion

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2
Q

the right side of the heart pumps blood where

A

to the lungs

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3
Q

when the blood is pumped to the lungs, what occurs here

A

gas exchange occurs in the lungs

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4
Q

which side of the heart pumps blood into the systemic circulation

A

the left side

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5
Q

tissue wastes are passed into the blood for excretion and body cells extract nutrients and oxygen, which system of blood vessels is this refering to

A

the systemic circulation

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6
Q

what are the smaller branches of arteries called

A

arterioles

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7
Q

arteries and arterioles carry blood to or away from the heart

A

away from the heart

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8
Q

arterioles branch into networks of what

A

capillaries

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9
Q

why are the caipllaries good for exchange

A

thin walls

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10
Q

what exchanges take place in the capillaries, and what exchange happens where components leave the capillaries

A

nutrients, water, oxygen diffuse into the cappiaries

cellular wasts such as carbon dioxide diffuse into the bloodstream

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11
Q

capillaries merge to form what

A

small venules

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12
Q

capillaries merge to form small venules, these then merge to form what

A

large veins

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13
Q

do veins carry blood to or away the heart

A

to the heart

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14
Q

how many layers of tissue do both the arteries and veins display

A

3 layers

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15
Q

what are the three layers of tissue in the veins and arteries

A

tunica adventitia
tunica media
tunica intima

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16
Q

the tunica media is the outer layer of the tissue of the veins and arteries, true or false

A

false, the tunica adventitia is the outer layer

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17
Q

what is the role of the tunica adventitia

A

protects and supports the vessel

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18
Q

what layer is the tunica media and what does it contain

A

middle layer which contains variable amounts of smooth muscle and elastic tissue

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19
Q

how many cells thick is the tunica intima

A

one cell thick

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20
Q

what layer is the tunica intima

A

the inner layer

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21
Q

the tunica intima is also known as what

A

the endothelium

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22
Q

what layer of the veins and arteritues, is the only layer present in cappilary walls

A

the tunica intima

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23
Q

why are arterial walls thicker than venous walls

A

to withstad the higher pressure of blood in the arterial system

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24
Q

the structure of artieal walls varies, it depends on what

A

how close the artery is to the heart

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25
Q

by the tunica media containg more elastic tissue and little smooth muscle. what does this allow for

A

allows the vessel walls to stretch, absorbing the pressure wave generated by the heart as it beats

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26
Q

the tunica media consitis almost entirley of which type of muscle

A

smooth muscle

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27
Q

systemic blood pressure is mainly determined by what

A

determined by the resistance smaller artiers offer to blood flow

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28
Q

what are anastomsos

A

arteries that form a link between the main arterites supplying an areas

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29
Q

if one artey supplying the area is blocked, what will the anastomic arteries provie and what will this do

A

they will provide a collateral circulation which will provide an adequate blood supply, giving the anastomtic artiers time to dialate

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30
Q

what is an end artery

A

an artery that is the sole source of blood to a tissue

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31
Q

is there an alternative blood supply if an end-artery is blocked

A

no, the tissues it supplies will die as there is no alternate blood supply

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32
Q

the smallest arterioles will branch into huge numbers of what

A

capillaries

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33
Q

capilarillary walls consist of how many layers of endothelial cells

A

one single layer

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34
Q

capillary walls consist of a single layer of endothelial cells, these sit on what

A

a thin basement membrane

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35
Q

are capilliary walls permable or non permaeable, and if so what to

A

permeable to water and other small molecules

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36
Q

why is capillary diameter much larger in the liver

A

rapid and extenive exchange of materiel is very important to allow the liver to modify the composition of the blood flowing through it

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37
Q

what is the site of exchange for substances between blood and tissue fluid

A

capillary bed

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38
Q

what are sinusoids

A

type of capillary, their walls are incomplete and their lumen is much larger than usual, blood flows through them much more slowly under less pressure and can come directly into conact with the cells outside the sinusoid wall

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39
Q

when an area of skin in pressed firmly with a finger, why does it turn white

A

becuase the blood in the capillaries under the finger has been squeezed out

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40
Q

blood passing into the venous system is high pressure. true or false

A

false, blood passing into the venous system does so under very low pressure

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41
Q

when cut veins will collapse, what will the thicker walled arteries do

A

remain open

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42
Q

some veins possess valvues, what is this for

A

to prevent backflow

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43
Q

valvues are formed by a fold of the what

A

formed by a fold of tunica

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44
Q

how are valvues strenghtened

A

strenghted by connective tissue

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45
Q

what shape are the valves

A

semilunar

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46
Q

why are valves abuent in the veins of the limbs, particulary the lower limbs

A

becuase bloos must travel a considerable distance against grvaity when the indivdual is standing

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47
Q

why are veins called capacitance vessels

A

becuase they stretch

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48
Q

veins have the capacity to hold a large proportion of the body blood, what does this allow for

A

allows to an extent the vascular system to absorb sudden changes in blood volume

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49
Q

the outer layers of tissue of thick-walled blood vessels recive theur blood supply from where

A

from a networ of blood vessels called the vasa vasocrum

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50
Q

how do thin walled vessels and the endothelium of the other recive otxygen and nutrients

A

by diffusion from the blood passing through them

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51
Q

oxygen is carried from the lungs to the tissues in combination with what

A

haemoglobin and oxyhaemoglobin

52
Q

when blood arrives in the capillaries, it diffuses via what, from where into where and why is this

A

diffuses via their permeable walls
diffuses down its concentration gradient
from oxygen-rich arterial blood, into tissues
where oxygen levels are lower becuase of constant tissue consumption

53
Q

why does oxyhaemoglobin break up easily

A

to liberate oxygen

54
Q

when oxyhaemoglobin breaks up easily what is this called

A

dissociates

55
Q

carbon dioxide is one of the waste products of what

A

cell metabolsim

56
Q

carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood across what

A

across the thin capillary wall

57
Q

when carbon dioxide diffuses across the capillary wall does it go to a lower or higher concentration gradient

A

lower

58
Q

what are the three different mechanisms that the blood transports carbon dioxide to the lungs for excretion

A

dissolved in the water of blood plasma

in chemical combination with sodium bicarbonate]in combination with haemoglobin

59
Q

what does the plasma transport

A 
nutrients
glucose
amino acids
fatty acids
vitamins
mineral salts
60
Q

plasma contenxt diffuse via the what into the tissues

A

diffuse through the semi permable membrane

61
Q

water exchanges freely between the plama and tissue fluid by what

A

osmosis

62
Q

what are the two main forces determining overall fluid movement across the capillary wall

A

hyrdrostatic pressure

osmotic pressure

63
Q

what effect does the hydrostatic pressure have on fluid movement

A

tends to push fluid out of the bloodstream

64
Q

what effect does the osmotic pressure have on fluid moevments

A

tends to pull fluid back into the bloodstream

65
Q

extra tissue fluid and some cell waste materials enter the lymph capillaires, forming what

A

forming lymph

66
Q

in which cavity does the heart lie in

A

the thoracic cavity in the mediastinum

67
Q

the base of the heart extends the level of which rib

A

the 2nd rib

68
Q

what are the inferiorly organs associated with the heart

A

the apex

69
Q

what are the superiorly organs which are associated with the heart

A

the blood vessels: aorta, superior vena cava, pulmonary artery and pulmonary veins

70
Q

what are the posteriorly organs associated with the hearts

A

the oesophagus, trachea, left and right bronchus, descending aorta, inferior vena cava and thoracic vertebrae

71
Q

what are the laterally organs associated with the heart

A

the lungs

72
Q

what are the anteriorly organs associated with the heart

A

the sternum, ribs and intercostal muscles

73
Q

the heart wall is composed of how many layers of tissue

A

three layers of tissue

74
Q

what is the outer most layer of the heart called

A

the pericardium

75
Q

the pericardium is made up of how many sacs

A

two sacs

76
Q

the outer sac of the pericardium consits of what type of tissue

A

fibrous tissue

77
Q

is it the inner sac or the outer sac of the pericardium that consists of a continuous double layer of serous membrane

A

inner sac

78
Q

the serious pericardium is a membrane formed by how mnay layers of the endothelail cells

A

one layer

79
Q

the serous pericardium is folder over itself so that it forms a double membrane around the what

A

around the heart

80
Q

the myocardium is composed of what

A

specialised cardia muscle

81
Q

what is the out sac of the fibrous pericardium called

A

the fibrous pericardium

82
Q

what is the inner sac of the pericardium called

A

the serous pericardium

83
Q

the fubrous pericardium is continuous with the what, and attched to the what

A

cotinuous with the tunica adventita of the great blood vessels and is attached to the diaphragm

84
Q

by the fibrous pericardium having an inelastic, fibrous nature, what does this protect against

A

protects and prevent over-distension of the heart

85
Q

what is in lace between the two layers so that the heart can beat without rubbing against the fibrous pericardium

A

around 20ml of lubricating fluid called the pericardial fluid

86
Q

How many chambers does the heart have

A

Four

87
Q

High blood pressure is called what

A

Bradycardia

88
Q

The average BP for an adult is what

A

120/80

89
Q

How many layers of the heart are there

A

4

90
Q

What are the layers of the heart

A

Pericardium
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

91
Q

Why is their fluid between serous layers in the pericardial cavity

A

To prevent friction

92
Q

What is the outer layer of the heart called

A

The pericardium

93
Q

Within the pericardium are what two layers

A

Fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium

94
Q

What is serous pericardium made up of

A

Parietal and visceral pericardium

95
Q

What layer of the heart makes up the bulk

A

The myocardium

96
Q

The myocardium cells are held together by what

A

Desmosomes

97
Q

The myocardium is the middle musclar layer of the heart, what are the layers in lies between

A

Endocardium and outer epicardium

98
Q

What are the three functions of the myocardium

A
  • Providing scaffolding for the heart chambers
  • Assisting in contraction and relaxation of the heart walls so that blood can pass between between the chambers
  • conducting electro stimulation through its own tissues and into the epicardium
99
Q

What is the inner most layer of the heart

A

The endocardium

100
Q

The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs, why

A

So it can be oxygenated

101
Q

The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it where

A

Around the body

102
Q

The right atrium receives blood from where

A

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

103
Q

The left atrium recievied blood from where, is this blood oxygen or deoxygenated and if so why

A

Received blood from pulmonary veins, this blood is oxygenated as it has come from the lungs

104
Q

How many valve are there to prevent back flow

A

2

105
Q

What are the names of the two valves

A

Tricuspid and bicuspid

106
Q

How many flaps does the tricuspid valvular have

A

3 flaps

107
Q

What connects the valvues to the heart walls

A

Heart strings/ cordial tendinase

108
Q

Is the tricuspid valve on the right or the left side of the heart

A

Right

109
Q

What causes the valves to close

A

The ventricular pressure

110
Q

How many ventricles are there

A

2

111
Q

The right ventricle pumps blood to where, through the what

A

Right ventricle pumps to the lungs, through the pulmonary artery

112
Q

The left ventricle pumps blood where, through the what

A

Blood pumped around the body, through the aorta

113
Q

Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right

A

It has to pump the blood much further

114
Q

What divides the right and left ventricles

A

The interventriclulsar septum

115
Q

What layer of the heart is supplied with blood directly from the chambers

A

Endocardium

116
Q

The heart is supplied with blood from where

A

The coronary arteries

117
Q

The coronary artery that supplies the heart itself with blood comes from where

A

The aorta

118
Q

When the heart itself is being supplied with blood, the left anterior ascending artery supplies which part of the heart with blood

A

Front and side of left ventricle and apex

119
Q

When the heart itself is being supplied with blood, the cicumflex artery supplies what areas of the heart with blood

A

Back and side of left ventricle

120
Q

How many valvues does the mitral valve have

A

2

121
Q

What are the top chambers of the heart called and what are the bottom chambers of the heart called

A

Atrium

Ventricles

122
Q

Blood flows into the heart, via the what

A

Via the vena cava

123
Q

Blood from the vena cave will be oxygenated or deoxygenated

A

Deoxygenated as it has returned from the body

124
Q

As the two atria contract tighter, they use the blood into the what

A

Ventricles

125
Q

After the blood has been pushed into the ventricles it willl enter the what

A

The pulmonary artery where it will travel to the lukngs

126
Q

Where are pacemaker cells located in the heart

A

In the right atrium

127
Q

The heart needs its own supply of blood which it gets from small arteries that branch of the aorta which are called what

A

Coronary arteries

PONs (8 decks)

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