Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PONs > respiration > Flashcards

respiration Flashcards

1
Q

in order for air to pass in and out of our lungs there needs to be a change in what

A

their needs to be a change in pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

during inspiration, what opens to expands

A

during inspiration the thorax opens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

during inspiration the thorax expands, does the traulmonary pressure, rise, stay the same as the atmospheric pressure or fall below the atmospheric pressure.

A

during inspiration, the intrapulmonary pressure falls below atmospheric pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

because intrapulmonary pressure is now less than atmospheric pressure, air will naturally enter our lungs until what

A

air will naturally enter are lungs until the pressure difference no longer exists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what two laws explain the process of inspiration

A

boyles law and Daltons law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does boyles law state

A

boyles law states that at a fixed temperature the amount of pressure exerted by a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to the size of its container.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

in smaller volumes the gas molecules are more likely to collide with the walls of the container and exert a greater or lesser pressure as a result?

A

greater pressure will be exercted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

larger volumes provide a greater space for the circulation of gas molecules, therefore ? pressure is exerted

A

less pressure is exerted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is daltons law

A

Daltons law explains that in a mixture of gases each gas exerts its own individual pressure proportional to its size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

oon inhalation, the thorax expands and intrapulmonary pressure falls, why is this?

A

this is because air flows from areas of high to low pressure, air enters the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the major muscles of inspiration

A

the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where is the diaphragm found

A

it is found beneath the lungs at the base of the thorax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how many external intercostal muscles are there and where do they sit in the lungs

A

there are 11 external intercostal muscles, which sit in the intercostal spaces, these are the spaces between the ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

during inspiration the diaphragm contracts downwards, pulling the lungs with it. simultaneously, what do the external intercostal muscles do

A

when the diaphragm contracts downwards, the external intercostal muscles pull the rib cage outwards and upwards.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

when the diaphragm contracts and the external intercostal muscles pull the ribcage up and out, does this make the thorax bigger or smaller than before and how has this affected the atmospheric pressure

A

the thorax is now bigger than before and the intrapulmonary pressure is reduced below atmospheric pressure as a result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

during expiration, do the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax or contract

A

during expiration, the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

when the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax, what does this allow for

A

this allows the natural elastic recoil of the lung tissue to spring back to into shape, forcing air back into the atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the accessory muscles and why are they called this

A

the accessory muscles include the abdominal wall muscles, internal intercostal muscles, the sternocleidomastoids, the scalene and the pectorals. they are referred to as accessory muscles as they are rarely used for normal, quite breathing. e.g when blowing out candles you would use the accessory muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

during inspiration respiratory muscles must overcome various factors that hinder thoracic expansions, what are these factors

A
  1. the natural elastic recoil of lung tissue
  2. the resistance to airflow through narrow airways
  3. the surface tension forces at the liquid-air interface in the lobule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the energy required by the respiratory muscles to overcome factors hindering thoracic expansions in referred to as what

A

the work of breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the amount of energy used up is kept to a minimum in the work of breathing due to what

A

due to lung compliance which is the ease with which lungs can be stretched

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is surfactant and how does is aide lung compliance

A

whenever a liquid and gas come into close contact with one another surface tension is generated.
Surfactant reduces the surface tension that occurs where the alveoli meet pulmonary capillary blood flow in the lobule, thereby reducing the amount of energy required to inflate the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where is surfactant manufactured

A

by the type II alveolar cells, found in the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

why does the work of breathing also require overcoming airway resistance

A

as air flows through the bronchial tree, resistance to airflow occurs as the gas molecules begin to collide with one another in the increasingly narrow airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

lung volumes and capacities measure what

A

the amount of air passing in and out of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does TLC stand for and what is this

A

total lung capacity,

this is the amount of air a persons lungs are capable of housing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

the amount of air that passes in and out of the lungs during one breath is called what

A

tidal volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

this is the potential capacity for inspiration,

meaning the room that is left in your lungs after a normal quite breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

the potential capacity of exhalation is referred to as what

A

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

if tidal volume increases, due to exercise for example, would IRV and ERV increase or reduce

A

reduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

why can TLC only be estimated

A

becuase even after maximal exhalation a small volume of air always remains in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

the small volume of remaining air in the lungs is called what

A

residual volume (RV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

because RV cannot be exhaled, the total amount of air that could possibly pass in and out of an individual lungs is a combination of what

A

tidal volume, IRV and ERV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

A combination of tidal volume, IRV and ERV, collectively is referred to as what

A

vital capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is minute volume

A

this is the amount of air that is breathed in each minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

how do you calculate the minute volume

A

this is calculated by multiplying tiday volume by respiration rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

why is the air present in the rest of the lungs, it is referred to as anatomical dead space and when will this need to be accounted for

A

because only the air that travels beyond the terminal bronchioles will actually take part in gaseous exchange,
therefore this will have to be accounted for when trying to work out exactly how much air is available for gaseous exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

how would you calculate Alveolar minute ventilation

A

by subtracting anatomical dead space from minute volume, then multiply by respiratory rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

the medulla oblongata and pons control what in breathing

A

the rate and depth of breathing are controlled by the medulla oblongata and pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

the inspiratory centre of the medulla oblongata set what

A

the rate of breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is internal respiration

A

internal respiration describes the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and tissue cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

cells use oxygen when manufacturing the cells prime energy source which is what

A

aderphine trisphosphate ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

becuase cells are continuinaly using oxygen , in the tissues is their concentration higher or lower than the blood

A

lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

the majority of carbon dioxide is transported as what

A

bicornate ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

as carbon dioxide enters the erythrocyte. it combines with water to form what, it then quickly dissociates into what

A

carbonic acid, then it quickly dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

both oxygen and carbon dioxide travel from the lungs into body tissues in the blood. both gases travel via the what and the what, and where is this found

A

both gases travel via the plasma and the haemoglobin, this is found in the erythrocytes (red blood cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is the definition of the gas transport term oxygen saturation

A

the percentage of arterial haemoglobin carrying oxygen molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is the definition of the gas transport term partial pressure of artieral ocygen

A

the amount of oxygen dissolved in arterial blood plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is the definition of the gas transport term partial pressure of carbon dioxide

A

the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in arterial blood plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is the definition of the gas transport term oxygen capacity

A

the potienal space for oxygen transported by haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is the definition of the gas transport term arterial oxygen content

A

the actual amount of oxygen in artieral blood carried by haemogolbin per 100ml of artieal blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what is the definition of the gas transport term of oxygen delivery

A

the actual amount of oxygen being delived to body tissues based on cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what is the definition of the gas transport term of oxygen consumption

A

the amount of oxygen being used up by the body tissues every minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

the vast majority of oxygen is transported attached to what

A

haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

each haemogolin molecule has the poteinal to carry how many oxygen molecules

A

four oxygen molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

the percentage of haemogolbin carrying oxygen is measured as what

A

oxygen saturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

the relationship between oxygen attached to artieral haemogolbin and oxygen dissolved in plasma is described by what in graphs

A

this is described by the oxyhaemogolbin dissertation curve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what are the five major types of hypoxia

A
  1. stagnant/circulatory hypoxia
  2. haemic hypoxia
  3. histotoxic hypoxia
  4. demand hypoxia
  5. hypoxic hypoxia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what is the main cause of stagnant hypoxia

A

heart failure, lack of cardiac outpout, leads to hypoxia

60
Q

what is the main cause of haemic hypoxia

A

lack of blood or haemoglobin

61
Q

what is the main cause of histotoxic hypoxia

A

poisining

62
Q

what is the main cause of demand hypoxia

A

when the demand for oxygen is high e.g during fever

63
Q

what is the main cause of hypoxic hypoxia

A

hypoxic as a result of hypoxaemia

64
Q

what is hypoxia

A

defined as a lack of oxygen within the body tissues

65
Q

what is hypoxiamia

A

defined as a lack of oxygen within arterial blood

66
Q

as carbon dioxide levels increase (hypercapnia), will the amount of oxygen binding to the haemoglobin increase or reduce

A

reduce

67
Q

how does ficks law of diffusion best explain the varying factors that effect the rate by which oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse between alveoli and the pulmonary circulation

A

according to ficks law the rate of diffusion is effected by gas solubility/molecular weight, surface area, concentration difference and membrane thickness. The more soluble the gas is in water the easier it is for diffusion to occur. oxygen and carbon dioxide are both soluble in water and therefore easily diffused.

68
Q

why will a large inhalation recruit more alveoli, resulting in a greater diffusion rate

A

because the larger the surface area available for diffusion the greater the rate of diffusion will be

69
Q

why will a greater gas concentration difference between the alveoli and pulmonary circulation result in a faster gas diffusion rate

A

because the blood traveling towards the alveoli is deoxygenated, there always remains a large difference in concentration between the alveoli and pulmonary circulation

70
Q

how will having a thick membrane distance effect the rate of diffusion

A

the rate of diffusion will be slower as the distance the gases have to travel is greater

71
Q

in order to ensure that an adequate supply of blood is reoxygenated, a plentiful supply of blood must be delivered to the lungs from where

A

from the right ventricle of the heart

72
Q

the ideal delivery of adequate amounts of both air and blood is referred to as what

A

the ventilation: perfusion ration

73
Q

What is the meaning of the pharynx

A

Tube connected the nose/mouth to the esophagus

74
Q

What is the meaning of the larynx

A

The tube forming a passage between the pharynx and trachea

75
Q

What is the meaning of the trachea

A

The tube connecting the laryx to the bronchi of the lungs

76
Q

What is the meaning of the bronchi

A

The branches of tissue stemming from the trachea

77
Q

What is the meaning of ht ebrinchiloe

A

Airway that extends from the bronchus

78
Q

What is the meaning of the alveoli

A

The structures of the lung where gas exchange occurs

79
Q

What is the diaphragm

A

Thoracic muscle that lays beneath the lungs and aids in inhalation/exhalation

80
Q

Pulmonary, pleura and pneumona. All these terms relate to the what

A

Lungs

81
Q

Cells require energy for their activities, to do this they need to carry out reactions and this requires what?, these reactions cause a waste product of what?, this needs to be expels as can build up and cause what

A

Cells require energy for their activities, to do this they need to carry out reactions and this requires oxygen, these reactions cause a waste product of carbon dioxide, this needs to be expelled as can build up and cause blood toxicity

82
Q

The nasal and oral cavities are divided by what

A

Divided by the septum

83
Q

What connects the naval and oral cavity

A

The pharynx

84
Q

The pharynx is divided into three parts called what

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Larygopharyx

85
Q

When air enters the nasal cavity it is warm by what, and it is cleaned by what

A

It is warmed by the capillary network and it is cleaned by mucus and hairs

86
Q

What are the components of the lower respiratory tract

A 
Larynx
Trachea bronchial tree
Alveoli
Lung
Ribs
Diaphragm
87
Q

What is the trache made up of

A

C chapped cartilage rings

88
Q

Why do the c shaped cartilage rings in the trachea need to be flexible

A

So food (bonus) can go past

89
Q

The trachea is lined with what

A

Ciliates epithelium and irritant receptors

90
Q

During inspiration do the intercostal muscles contract or relax

A

Contract

91
Q

During inspiration does the diaphragm contract or relax

A

Contract

92
Q

By the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles contracting during inspiration, how does this effect the volume and the pressure

A

Increases the volume in thoracic cavity and subsequently lowers the pressure inside due to the larger volume, the intrapulmonary pressure has dropped within the lungs

93
Q

Inspiration results in a drop of the intrapulomary pressure within the lungs and causes air to be drawn in, why is this

A

Because gases move from areas of high to low pressures, if the inter pulmonary pressure within the lungs has now dropped and is low, this means they will move via diffusion into the lungs

94
Q

Is inspiration considered a active or passive process, and if so why

A

Considered a active process sue to the contraction of the muscles

95
Q

During expiration do the intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax or contract

A

Relax

96
Q

During expiration the intercostal muscles relax, what does this mean for the volume and inter pulmonary pressure

A

The volume decreases and the inter pulmonary pressure increases

97
Q

During expiration why does air move out of the lungs

A

The inter pulmonary pressure inside the lungs has increased due to the decreased volume, air moves from areas of high to low concentration, because of this air moves from the lungs which has a high pressure to the atmosphere which has a lower pressure

98
Q

Is expiration considered a active or passive process and if so why

A

Passive due to the elastic recoil of the muscles

99
Q

During gas exchange, where do gases dissolve

A

In the alveoli

100
Q

During gaseous exchange, oxygen will go from where into where

A

O2 will go from the air into the blood

101
Q

During gaseous exchange carbon dioxide will go from where into where

A

From deoxygenated blood to the air

102
Q

What are the adaptions that alveoli have for gas exchange

A
  1. One cell thick
  2. Moist
  3. Good blood supply
  4. Large surface area
  5. Permeable walls
103
Q

How does being one cell thick help the alveoli

A

Makes it easier for molecules to diffuse across

104
Q

Why is the alveoli being moist important for gas exchange

A

Gasses dissolve in moisture allowing them to exchange

105
Q

Why is having permeable walls important for gas exchange in the alveoli

A

Allow gases to pass through easily

106
Q

In the alveoli during gas exchange, o2 will diffuse across the what, from there it will diffuse across to the outside of the cells, it will then diffuse across what, until it finally diffuses into what

A

O2 diffuses across the cell membrane
From there is can diffuse across to the outside of the cell
It will then diffuse across the lining of the blood capillary
It will finally diffuse into the red blood cell

107
Q

When oxygen binds with haemoglobin, what does it form

A

Oxyhemoglobin

108
Q

What are important features of the gas exchange surface

A
  1. Large surface area
  2. Very thin
  3. Moist lining
  4. Good blood supply
  5. Good ventilation
109
Q

Why is the gas exchange surface being very thin useful in gas exchange

A

Provides a short diffusion pathway

110
Q

Once in the blood, what is oxygen transported by

A

Red blood cells

111
Q

What is lypoxia

A

Lack of oxygen

112
Q

What is hypoxaemia

A

Lack of oxygen in arterial blood

113
Q

The medulla oblong at a and pons control what

A

Control the rate and depth of breathing

114
Q

What analyses the oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

The chemoreceptors in aortic arch

115
Q

What does carbon dioxide make that can cause the blood to be acidic

A

Carbonic acid

116
Q

If the blood ph is to acidic what can this cause

A

Respiratory acidosis

117
Q

Carbon dioxide combined with water makes what

A

Carbonic acid

118
Q

Carbonic acid dissociates into what

A

Hydrogen ions and bicarbonate

119
Q

What are the four phases of respiration

A

External
Internal
Transport of gases
Pulmonary ventilation

120
Q

What is the external phases of respiration

A

Gas exchange in lungs

121
Q

What is the internal phases of respiration

A

Oxygen delivered to cells and carbon dioxide collected

122
Q

What is the transport of gases phase of respiration

A

Oxygen to tissues, carbon dioxide out of the tissues

123
Q

What is the pulmonary ventilation phases of respiration

A

How air gets in and out of the lungs

124
Q

What is tidal volume

A

The amount of air passing into and out of the lungs during each cycle of breathing

125
Q

What is inspiration capacity

A

The amount of air that can be inspired with maximum effort

126
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume

A

Extra volume of air that can be inhaled into the lungs during maximum inspirations

127
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume

A

The largest volume of air that can expelled from the lungs during maximal expiration

128
Q

What is the residual volume

A

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

129
Q

What is vital capacity

A

The maximum volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs

130
Q

Cells use oxygen to create what

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is energy

131
Q

Cells produce what as waste

A

Carbon dioxide and water

132
Q

The waste product carbon dioxide diffuses out of the tissues and into where after the cells have finished with them during internal respiration

A

Move out of the tissues and into the blood

133
Q

Each lung has a broad lower surface area called the what

A

The base

134
Q

The area between the lungs is called the what

A

Mediastinum

135
Q

The right lung is composed of how many lobes

A

Three

136
Q

Why is the right lung higher than the left

A

Because of the liver below

137
Q

The functions of the upper respiratory tract are to ensure air is what

A

Warm
Damp
Clean

138
Q

Sympathetic input to the smooth muscle tissue in bronchioles causes what

A

Relaxation
Bigger lumen
Less airway resistance

139
Q

The portion of the pharynx that receives both air and food is the what

A

Oropharynx

140
Q

Why is the c shape of the tracheal cartilage important

A

So large masses of food can pass through the oesophageal during swallowing

141
Q

The largest cartilage of the laryx is the what cartilage

A

Thyroid

142
Q

The posterior tracheal wall contacts the what

A

Thyroid gland

143
Q

The actual site of gas exchange within the lungs are ?

A

Alveoli

144
Q

What is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

145
Q

If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patients what?

A

Vital capacity

146
Q

Air will move out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is what?

A

Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

PONs (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions