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PONs > Nervous System Nurse Soc > Flashcards

Nervous System Nurse Soc Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons that send impulses from your cns are called what type of neurons

A

Efferent neurons

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2
Q

What are the anatomical divisions of the nervous system

A

Central and peripheral

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3
Q

The central nervous system consists of what

A

Brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of

A

Apart from the brain and spine, all other neural tissue

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5
Q

Which nervous system is responsible for delivering sensory information to the CNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

Neurons that input information into the central nervous system are called what type of neurons

A

Afferent

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7
Q

If it sympathies nervous system, will you be in fight or flight or rest and digest

A

Fight or flight

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8
Q

Is it the efferent or affernt division of the peripheral nervous system the is part of the motor information

A

Efferent division

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9
Q

The autonomic nervous system controls what at a subconscious level

A

Muscle control

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10
Q

The peripheral nervous system consists of what

A

Consist of nerves that run throughout the body

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11
Q

The autonomic nervous system can be controlled into what further divisions

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

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12
Q

If you have a slow heart beat. Contras the airways and contract bladder, are you in the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic

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13
Q

Rest and digest is referring to which nerves

A

Parasympathetic

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14
Q

What are the divisions of the body

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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15
Q

What are the two subdivisions that make up the peripheral nervous system called

A

Autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system

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16
Q

If you have nerves that carry sensory signals form the body to the cns and nerves that carry motor signals to the skeletal muscles, is this the somatic or autonomic nervous system

A

Somatic

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17
Q

Which nervous system is associated with involuntary movement

A

Autonomic

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18
Q

The autonomic nervous system can be further subdivided into what

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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19
Q

What is the name of the nerves that have a large role in stimulating and metabolising energy

A

Sympathetic

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20
Q

What type of neuron is small, has no anatomical features that distinguish dendrites from axons, and is found in brain and special sense organs

A

An anaxonic neuron

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21
Q

Which division of the nervous system is involved in regulating the internal environment of the body

A

The autonomic nervous system

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22
Q

What is the role of the synapse in the neurons

A

The point at which the action potential passes from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron

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23
Q

What is the layer of insulation around the axon called

A

Myelin sheath

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24
Q

Is the sensory division is part of the affernt or effect division

A

Affernt

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25
Q

What is the role of the dendrites in the neurons

A

Receive and carry incoming action potentials towards the cell body

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26
Q

What are the different types of neurons

A

Anaxonic neuron
Multipolar neuron
Bipolar neuron
Unipolar neuron

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27
Q

How many dendrites and how many axon does the multipolar neuron have

A

2 or more dendrites with a single axon

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28
Q

What type of neuron has two processes and one dendrite and one axon

A

A bipolar neuron

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29
Q

What type of neuron are typically sensory, and dendrites and axons that are fused with the cell body to one side

A

A unipolar neuron

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30
Q

Anaxonic, multipolar, bipolar and unipolar are all types of what

A

Neurons

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31
Q

Sensory neurons deliver information from where, to where

A

From the sensory receptors to the CNS

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32
Q

Is the sensory neuron affernt or efferent

A

Afferent, because there coming towards the nervous system

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33
Q

Which type of neuron carries instructions from the CNS to effectors

A

Motor neurons

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34
Q

Is the motor neurons afferent or efferent

A

Efferent

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35
Q

The motor neurons carry instructions from the CNS to where

A

Effectors

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36
Q

The motor neurons are subdivided into what two neurons

A

Somatic motor neurons and visceral motor neurons

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37
Q

What are the two types of motor neurons

A

Somatic and visceral

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38
Q

What are the visceral motor neurons involved in

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

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39
Q

Where do the inter neurons carry information between

A

Sensory and motor neurons

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40
Q

If you have relax airway, inhibit activity of the stomach and a relaxed bladder, are you in the parasympathetic or sympathetic system

A

Sympathetic

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41
Q

What is a nerve impulse

A

Electrical signal that travels along the neuron

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42
Q

In a nerve impulse we use the word potential to describe what

A

The movement of charged particles across the membrane of the cell

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43
Q

At rest what is the overall internal charge of the neuron and why is this

A

At rest there is a high concentration of sodium ions outside of the cell membrane and a high concentration of potassium ions in the Soto soil of the cell

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44
Q

Beginning of impulse in action potential is marked by what

A

Depolarisation

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45
Q

What does depolarisation mean in terms of action potential

A

Meaning sodium channel is opened and sodium enters the cell, shifting the electric potential of the membrane

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46
Q

What opens which shifts the electric potential of the membrane in depolarisation

A

The sodium channel opens and sodium channels enter

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47
Q

In repolarisation, what happens

A

Potassium channel opens, potassium ions flow out of cell. Movement of positive ions will depolarise cells

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48
Q

After repolarisation, will the cell have a negative internal charge or a positive

A

It will have a negative internal charge

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49
Q

What is the name of the system when potassium ions flow out of the cell via the potassium channel and there is a shift in the internal charge and external charge

A

Repolarisation

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50
Q

In depolarisation what channel opens

A

Sodium channel

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51
Q

Waves of flowing electrons with ions flowing in and out of cell, this is a what

A

Nerve impulse

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52
Q

In repolarisation what channel opens

A

Potassium channel

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53
Q

What is the name of the pump that restores resting potential allowing action potential to move through

A

Sodium potassium pumps

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54
Q

Dosimeter potassium pumps restore what

A

Resting potential

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55
Q

Nerve impulses move in both directions across the cell, true or false

A

False, they only move in one direction

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56
Q

Nerve impulses start at the what, and end at the what

A

Start at the dendrites

End at axon terminal

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57
Q

If there are not enough sodium ions in the cell, why can t action potential occur

A

As there wont be enough sodium ions to trigger release of sodium from the next sodium channel gate

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58
Q

What is the name of the level which there need to be enough sodium ions, so action potential can occur

A

Threshold potential

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59
Q

Why do the electro chemicals need energy in order to leave their channel in action potential

A

Because they are moving away from concentration gradient

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60
Q

In the neuron, what is the stimulus that begins the process of action potential

A

Stimulus is when the sodium gates open, allowing sodium ions to rush into the cell, which depolarise the cell

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61
Q

By sodium gates opening and sodium ions being released, this depolarises the cell, causing the cell to now be what

A

The cell will now have a positive charge and a negative external charge

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62
Q

The polarity change in the cell after depolarisation will cause what to open

A

Potassium gate

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63
Q

By the potassium gate being open, what does this allow for

A

Allows potassium ions to rush out of the cell, this repolarises the cell back to a negative charge

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64
Q

Sometime in action potential, the cell can become to negative after repolarisation, what is this called when this happens

A

Hyper polarisation/ undershoot

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65
Q

What is the name of the period which corrects the cell when it is too negative in action potential

A

Refractory period

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66
Q

If enough sodium ions are released and pass what, then action potential can occur

A

Enough sodium ions need to be released to surpass the threshold potential

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67
Q

In the refractory period, how does this period correct the cell from being too negative

A

Sodium potassium pump uses ATP to restore resting potential

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68
Q

Sodium potassium pump uses atp to restore resting potential, when this happens this is known as what period

A

Refractory period

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69
Q

In the refractory period the sodium potassium pump uses what to restore resting potential

A

ATP

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70
Q

Which nervous system is associated with voluntary movement

A

Somatic

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71
Q

The cell body, axon, dendrites, synapse and myelin sheath collectively make up what

A

Neurons

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72
Q

Out of the somatic motor neurons and the visceral motor neurons, which is involved in voluntary control of skeletal muscles

A

Somatic motor neurons

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73
Q

The somatic nervous system controls what type of contraction

A

Controls skeletal muscle contractions

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74
Q

What are the components of the neurons called

A

Cell body, axon, dendrites, synapse, myelin sheath

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75
Q

What part of the neuron carriers impulses away from the cell body

A

Axon

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76
Q

The space between the neurones is called that what

A

Synaptic cleft

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77
Q

The neurone where the signal is initiated is called the what

A

Presynaptic neuron

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78
Q

The neuron where the signal is received is called the what

A

Postsynaptic neuron

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79
Q

In the presynaptic neuron the signal is received, true or false

A

False, the postsynaptic neurone receives the neurone, the presynaptic send it

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80
Q

In the presynaptic neuron, their are chemical signals called what

A

Neurotransmitters

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81
Q

Neurotransmitters are packaged into what

A

Small sacs called vesicles

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82
Q

What do the vesicles fuse with, in order for them to release their contents, and where do they release their contents

A

The vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft

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83
Q

On in the synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters bind with what

A

Receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

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84
Q

By the neurotransmitters binding with the receptors on the postsynaptic cell, this can cause the likely hood of what to increase

A

Increase likely hood of postsynaptic cell coming activated and releasing action potential

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85
Q

What is the process of reuptake

A

When neurotransmitters are taken back up into the presynaptic neuron to be recycled and reused

86
Q

When neurotransmitters are taken back into the presynaptic neuron to be recycled and reused, what is this process called

A

Reuptake

87
Q

What are the three ways that neurotransmitters are cleared from the synaptic cleft

A
  1. Drift away by diffusion
  2. Process of reuptake
  3. Broken down by enzymes and sent back to presynaptic neurone
88
Q

What are the four ways neuroglia support cells

A
  1. Form myelin to wrap around neurons
  2. Provide nutrients
  3. Destroy pathogens
  4. Provide structure for the neuron to sit on
89
Q

What is the neuroglia

A

Specialised support cell

90
Q

What is the name of the cell which forms myelin

A

Neuroglia, Oligodendrocytes

91
Q

Astrocytes, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes and microglia are all type of what

A

Neuroglia in the CNS

92
Q

What is the role of microglia in the cns

A

Remove debris

93
Q

What is the role of oligodendrocytes in the cns

A

Make myelin which insulates

94
Q

What is the role of ependymal cells in the cns

A

Cover and line cavities

95
Q

What is the role of astrocytes in the cns

A

Maintain blood-brain barrier, repair damaged neural tissue,control the interstitial environment and create 3D framework for cns

96
Q

What is the name of the type of neuroglia which maintains the blood- brain barrier, creates a 3D framework, repairs damaged neural tissue and controls the interstitial environment

A

Astrocytes

97
Q

What are the four different types of neuroglia in the CNS

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Ependymal cells
  3. Oligodendrocytes
  4. Microglia
98
Q

What are the two different types of the neuroglia in the PNS

A
  1. Satellite cells

2. Schwann cells

99
Q

Satellite cells and Schwann cells are types of what

A

Neuroglia in the PNS

100
Q

Does a satellite cell belong to the neuroglia in the CNS or the PNS

A

PNS

101
Q

What is the role of the satellite cells

A
  1. Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia

2. Regulate the environment around the neurons

102
Q

What is the roles of the Schwann cells

A
  1. Form a sheath around peripheral axons

2. Shield axons from contact with interstitial fluids

103
Q

What in the name of cell which is type of neuroglia that forms a sheath around peripheral axons, and does it belong to the PNS or the CNS

A

Schwann cells, as part of the PNS

104
Q

What are the meninges

A

The three layers of tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord

105
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges called

A
  1. Dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
106
Q

What is the outermost layer of the meninges called

A

Dura mater

107
Q

Is the arachnoid mater is the inner layer of the meninges, true or false

A

False, it is the middle layer

108
Q

What is the innermost layer of the meninges called

A

Pia mater

109
Q

Dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater are all type of what

A

All types of meninges

110
Q

What is the space called that is between the dura mater and arachnoid mater

A

Subdural space

111
Q

The subarachnoid space is between what two layers of the meninges

A

Arachnoid mater and pia mater

112
Q

In the meninges there are spaces in between the three layers, what are these two spaces called

A

Subdural space and subarachnoid space

113
Q

How many ventricles of the brain do we have

A

Four ventricles

114
Q

The four ventricles of the brain all contain which type of fluid

A

Cerebral spinal fluid

115
Q

What are the four ventricle of the brain called

A
  1. Lateral ventricle (left and right)
  2. Third ventricle
  3. Fourth ventricle
116
Q

How do the lateral ventricle communicate with the third ventricle

A

By interventriclar foramina

117
Q

How does the third ventricle communicate with the fourth ventricle

A

Via the cerebral aqueduct

118
Q

The fourth ventricle communicates with the subarachnoid space by what

A

By foramina in its roof

119
Q

What is the fluid secreted from the blood into each ventricle

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

120
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid made

A

Lateral ventricles

121
Q

How is cerebrospinal fluid returned to the blood

A

By ports

122
Q

What are the three functions of the CSF

A
  1. Support and protect the brain and spinal cord by shock absorption
  2. Keep brain and spinal cord moist so exchange of nutrients and waste can happen
  3. Involved in regulation of breathing as it cleans the surface of the medulla where central respiratory chemoreceptors are located
123
Q

What is the name of the fluid which support and protects the brain and spinal fluid, keeps it moist and cleans the surface of the medulla

A

Cerebral spinal fluid

124
Q

Why should the brain and spinal cord by moist and who’s job is it to perform this

A

The cerebral spinal fluid keep the brain and spinal cord moist so that exchange of nutrients and waste between CSF and interstitial fluid can take place

125
Q

How is the cerebral spinal fluid involved in the regulation of breathing

A

It cleans the surface of the medulla where the central respiratory chemoreceptors are located

126
Q

How does the cerebral spinal fluid support and protect the brain and spinal cord

A

Maintains pressure around brain and spinal cord to act as a cushion or shock absorbers

127
Q

The ventricles are lined with specialised membrane cells called what

A

The choroid plexus

128
Q

Choroid plexus secret what fluid

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

129
Q

What is the main role of the ventricles

A

The production and district cerebrospinal fluid

130
Q

The production and distribution of cerebrospinal fluid is main role of the what

A

The ventricles

131
Q

The cerebral aqueduct allows communication between which two ventricles in the brain

A

The third and fourth

132
Q

The interventricular foremen allows communication between which two ventricles in the brain

A

The two lateral ventricles and the third ventricle

133
Q

The fourth ventricle has how many openings in it and this allows what to exit

A

3 openings in it which allows the cerebral spinal fluid to exit

134
Q

What is the largest part of the brain called

A

The cerebrum

135
Q

The cerebrum has ridges and grooves, what does this allow for

A

Larger surface area

136
Q

The surface of the cerebrum has ridges in it called what, and grooves in it called what

A

Ridges called gyri

Grooves called sulci

137
Q

Where are the gyri and sulci found on the brain

A

On the surface of the cerebrum

138
Q

The cerebrum is made up of what two types of matter

A

Grey and white matter

139
Q

The grey matter and the white matter make up what in the brain

A

The cerebrum

140
Q

What is grey matter made up of

A

Nerve cell bodies

141
Q

What is white matter made up of

A

Lobes connected by nerve fibres

142
Q

Grey matter makes up the surface of what

A

The cerebral cortex

143
Q

How many lobes of the cerebrum are there

A

Four

144
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebrum called

A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. Parietal lobe
  3. Occipital lobe
  4. Temporal lobe
145
Q

Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and temporal lobe, collectively make up what

A

The lobes of the cerebrum

146
Q

The central nervous system is composed of the brain and spinal cord, these are both enclosed into protective layers called what

A

Meninges

147
Q

The brain is made is located in the what of the skull

A

The cranium

148
Q

The cranium of the skull is where what is located

A

The brain

149
Q

The brain is made up of three main parts which are what

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Medulla oblangata
150
Q

The cerebrum is divided into the left and right hemispheres, how are these connected to each other

A

By a nerve tract called the corpus callosum

151
Q

The corpus callosum connects what two things in the brain

A

The left and right hemispheres in the cerebrum

152
Q

Why is the surface of the cerebral hemisphere folded

A

To increase the surface area

153
Q

Learning, memory, interpretation and personality are the jobs of which part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

154
Q

The cerebrum is responsible for what features of humans

A

Learning, memory, interpretation and personality

155
Q

The cerebellum controls what features that help people

A

Controls balance movement and coordination

156
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for control of balance and coordination

A

Cerebellum

157
Q

What connects the brain with spinal cord

A

The brain stem

158
Q

Which part of the brain connects the brain to the spinal cord and controls many autonomic functions

A

The brain stem

159
Q

The brain stem is composed of what

A

Midbrain pons and medulla oblongata

160
Q

The spinal cord is protected by the what

A

Vertebral column

161
Q

What is the name of the thin layer of the brain that covers the outer portion of the cerebrum

A

Cerebral cortex

162
Q

What is the cerebral cortex

A

The thin layer of brain that covers the outer portion of the cerebrum

163
Q

What are the three functions of the cerebral cortex

A
  1. Mental activities
  2. Sensory perception
  3. Control of skeletal muscle contraction
164
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for mental activities, sensory perception and control of skeletal muscle contraction

A

The cerebral cortex

165
Q

What area of the brain controls the muscles necessary for speech

A

Broca’s area

166
Q

In which lobe of the brain would you find the Broca’s area

A

The frontal lobe

167
Q

What does the Broca’s area control and where in the brain is it found

A

Found in the frontal area and controls the muscles necessary for speech

168
Q

How many sensory areas i the brain do you have

A

Four

169
Q

What are the four sensory areas of the brain

A
  1. Auditory area
  2. Olfactory area
  3. Taste area
  4. Visual area
170
Q

In which lobe would you find the auditory area

A

Temporal lobe

171
Q

The auditory area, olfactory area, taste area and visual area collectively make up the what areas in your brain

A

The sensory areas

172
Q

What is the auditory area responsible for

A

Receive and interpret signals transited from the inner ear/ where you process speech

173
Q

The taste area recieves signals from the sensory receptors in the what

A

Sensory receptors in the taste buds

174
Q

In which lobe would you find the olfactory area

A

The temporal lobe

175
Q

The olfactory area receives signals from where

A

From the nose

176
Q

In which part of the lobe would you find the visual area

A

Occipital lobe

177
Q

The basal ganglia, ganglia and hypothalamus are all areas in which part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

178
Q

you find the basal ganglia, ganglia and hypothalamus in the brain stem. True or false

A

False, you find it in the cerebrum

179
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia

A

The initiation and control of complex movement and learned coordinated activities

180
Q

If you are jerky, clumsy and uncoordinated, there could be damage to which part of your brain

A

Basal ganglia

181
Q

What is the name given to the group of cells in the brain that form pathways

A

Basal ganglia

182
Q

The thalamus is made up of what

A

2 masses of grey and white matter

183
Q

Sensory receptors which detect information about touch, pain and temperature will be sent to the what?, before it is sent to the cerebral cortex

A

Sent to the thalamus which recognises it before relaying it to the cerebral cortex

184
Q

What part of the brain controls output of hormones from anterior and posterior lobes of pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

185
Q

What part of the brain controls appetite and satiety, thirst and water balance, body temperature, emotional reactions, circadian rhythms and effectors of autonomic nervous system

A

Hypothalamus

186
Q

In general the hypothalamus is involved in controlling what

A

Homeostasis and hormones

187
Q

What two ways can the hypothalamus maintain homeostasis

A
  1. Exert direct influence on autonomic nervous system

2. Causing the release of hormones from pituitary gland

188
Q

What part of the brain is involved in controlling homeostasis and hormones

A

The hypothalamus

189
Q

The hypothalamus manipulates hormone release primarily by controlling what

A

The pituitary gland

190
Q

Growth hormone, luteinizing hormone and fsh amoung many other hormones get released under the control of what part of the brain

A

The hypothalamus

191
Q

What are the names of the two lobes which the pituary gland consists of

A

Anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

192
Q

The posterior pituitary releases what two hormones

A

Oxytocin and vasopressin

193
Q

What part of the brain synthesize the hormones which the posterior pituitary gland release

A

The hypothalamus

194
Q

How is the hypothalamus involved in the posterior pituitary gland

A

Synthesises the hormones which the posterior pituitary releases

195
Q

Where in the brain are the extrapyramidal tracts found

A

Medulla and ons

196
Q

The network of nerves responsible for involuntary control of movement and reflexes are called what

A

Extrapyramidal tracts

197
Q

What is the extrapyramidal tracts responsible for

A

Involuntary control of movement and reflexes

198
Q

What part of the brain is involved in sensory and motor coordination and balance

A

Cerebellum

199
Q

The cerebellum are involved in what functions

A

Sensory and motor coordination and balance

200
Q

What is the name of the part of the brain which fines tunes voluntary skeletal muscle activity and helps in the maintenance of balance

A

The cerebellum

201
Q

The brain stems central core is formed by what

A

The reticular formation

202
Q

What is reticular formation involved in

A
  1. Voluntary movement
  2. Balance
  3. Coordination of autonomic nervous system activity
  4. Reticular activating system
203
Q

What part of the brain is involved in voluntary movement and balance, coordination of ans activity and has roles in arousal

A

The reticular formation in the brain stem

204
Q

Where is the reticular formation found

A

The brain stem

205
Q

The peripheral nervous system has how many spinal nerves

A

31

206
Q

The peripheral nervous system has how many pairs of cranial nerves

A

12 pairs

207
Q

What are three examples of how ageing affects the nervous system

A

Any three from
- smaller brain size and weight
0smalled number of neurons
- smaller blood flow to brain and fatty deposits build up in blood vessels
- changes to synaptic organisation of the brain
-changes to cns neurons

208
Q

What is the order of the layer of the meninges

A
  1. Duramater
  2. Subdural space
  3. Arachnoid matter
  4. Subarachnoid space
  5. Pia mater
  6. Cerebral cortex
209
Q

The region where an action potential passes from one nerve to the next is the what?

A

Synapse

210
Q

In the synapse, a chemical called what is released from the what

A

Neurotransmitters released form the synaptic vesicles

211
Q

Neurotransmitters are released from where

A

Synaptic vesicles

212
Q

The neurotransmitter is released from the synaptic vesicles into the what

A

Synaptic cleft

PONs (8 decks)

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