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PONs > Nurse Soc Digestive System > Flashcards

Nurse Soc Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Various secretion are released into the alimentary tract in digestion, those that are secreted outside the tract are known as what

A

Accessory organs

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3
Q

What are accessory organs in digestion

A

These are the glands that secrete outside of the alimentary tract

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4
Q

What are the five digestive processes

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Propulsion
  3. Digestion
  4. Absorption
  5. Elimination
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5
Q

The alimentary canal and the accessory organs make up what system

A

The digestive system

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6
Q

How does the trachea having c shaped cartilages help the process of digestion

A

If means that the esophagus can pass the bonus through as the oesophagus sits behind the trachea

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7
Q

What is propulsion

A

Mixing of contents and moving them along the GI tract

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10
Q

What is ingestion

A

Taking food into the GI tract

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11
Q

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food is known as what digestive process

A

Digestion

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13
Q

Ingestion, propulsion, digestion, absorption and elimination collectively are known as the what

A

Digestive processes

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14
Q

Mixing of contents and moving them along the GI tract is known as what digestive process

A

Propulsion

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15
Q

Taking food into the GI tract is known as what part of the digestive process

A

Ingestion

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16
Q

What is elimination

A

Food that cannot be absorbed is excreted

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17
Q

What are the accessory organs of digestion

A

3 pairs of salivary glands
The pancreas
The liver and biliary tract

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18
Q

The food that cannot be absorbed and is excreted is known as which digestive process

A

Elimination

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19
Q

The products of digestion that pass into the bloodstream is known as what digestive process

A

Absorption

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20
Q

Can you name the seven organs of the digestive system

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Pharynx
  3. Oesophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Small intestine
  6. Large intestine
  7. Rectum and anal canal
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22
Q

What is digestion

A

Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

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23
Q

What is absorption

A

Products of digestion pass into the bloodstream

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27
Q

Three pairs of salivary glands, the pancreas and the liver and biliary tract are known as what type of organs in their role in digestion and why are they called this

A

Known as accessory organs as they secrete outside the alimentary tract

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28
Q

When food is in your mouth what type of breakdown is this

A

Physical breakdown in chewing food

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29
Q

When saliva is released in the mouth by the salivary glands, what enzyme is released

A

Amalyse

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30
Q

What does amalyse help to break down

A

Carbohydrates

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31
Q

When you swallow your food where will it pass down next

A

The gullet/oesophagus

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32
Q

What are the three functions of the stomach

A
  1. Contracts muscular walls to push and move food around
  2. Produces enzyme pepsin that breaks down protein
  3. Produces hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria and makes the right environment for pepsin
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33
Q

What does organs contracts its walls to push food around, produces pepsin and produces hydrochloric acid

A

The stomach

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34
Q

Which enzyme does the stomach produce

A

Pepsin

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35
Q

What does pepsin break down

A

Protein

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36
Q

Protein is broken down by which enzyme and where is this enzyme made

A

Broken down by pepsin which is produced in the stomach

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37
Q

What is the name of the organ which produces hydrochloric acid

A

The stomach

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38
Q

What is the role of hydrochloric acid

A

Kills bacteria and makes the right environment for pepsin

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39
Q

After the oesophagus where does the food go to next

A

The stomach

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40
Q

After the stomach the food is squeezed into where

A

The small intestine

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41
Q

Once the food is squeezed into the small intestine what will happen to the digested food

A

It is absorbed into the blood stream

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42
Q

In what organ does most of digestion take place

A

The small intestine

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43
Q

Which organ makes most of the digestive enzymes

A

The pancreas

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44
Q

The pancreas pushes enzymes into the small intestine via what

A

Pancreatic juices

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45
Q

What organ releases bile into the small intestine

A

Gall bladder

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46
Q

What is the role of bile

A

Neutralise acid from the acid so it is better for enzymes and breaks down big bits of fat into smaller droplets

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47
Q

Where is bile made

A

Liver

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48
Q

Where is bile stored

A

Gall bladder

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49
Q

Bile is released into which organ

A

The small intestine

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50
Q

Once food is small enough it is absorbed across the lining of what, into where

A

Absorbed across the lining of the small intestine to the blood stream

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51
Q

What are the three adaptations that the lining of small intestine contain which helps with absorption of food

A
  1. Contain villi to increase surface area
  2. Dingle layer of surface cells for shirt diffusion
  3. Good blood supply to maintain concentration gradient
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52
Q

After absorption where does the left over food pass into

A

The large intestine

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53
Q

What is the role of the large intestine

A

To absorbe the left over water

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54
Q

What are the four functions of saliva

A
  • chemical digestion of amalyse
  • lubrication of food
  • cleaning and lubrication of mouth
  • defence and taste
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55
Q

What are the two salivary enzymes

A

Amylase and lysozyme

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56
Q

Amalyse and lysozyme are the enzymes of what

A

The saliva

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57
Q

The pharynx is divided into which three parts

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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58
Q

The nasopharyx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx, make up the what

A

Pharynx

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59
Q

Out of the nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx, which one does not have a role in digestion

A

Nasopharynx

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60
Q

Food comes from the oral cavity and then passes through the what

A

Pharynx

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61
Q

After the pharynx where will the food pass to

A

The oesophagus

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62
Q

Once food gets to the pharynx is swallowing voluntary or involuntary

A

Involuntary

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63
Q

Do the outer layers of pharynx consist of voluntary or involuntary muscles

A

Involuntary muscles

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64
Q

Why does the oesophagus curve before entering the stomach

A

To prevent back flow

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65
Q

What part of the body curves before entering the stomach

A

The oesophagus

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66
Q

What is the role of the upper oesophageal sphincter

A

To prevent air entering the oesophagus during inhalation

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67
Q

What does the lower oesophageal sphincter prevent

A

Reflux of acid into oesophagus

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68
Q

How does food move done the oesophagus

A

By peristalsis

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69
Q

The lower oesophageal sphincter prevents air entering the oesophagus during inhalation. True or false

A

False, it prevents acid reflux

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70
Q

Out of the upper and lower oesophageal sphincter, which one prevents flux of acid into the oesophagus

A

Lower oesophageal

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71
Q

What are the three regions of the stomach

A
  1. Fundus
  2. Body
  3. Pylorus
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72
Q

What is chyme

A

Once the bonus of food has been mixed with water, gastric juices etc we call it chyme

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73
Q

The fundus, body and pylorus are the three regions of the what

A

The stomach

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74
Q

What guards the poring between the stomach and duodenum

A

Pyloric sphincter

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75
Q

What does the pyloric sphincter guard

A

The opening between stomach and duodenum

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76
Q

In what region of the stomach would you find the pyloric sphicter

A

In the pylorus

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77
Q

How does the stomach mechanically break down the bolus

A

The gastric muscles generate a churning the breaks down the bolus

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78
Q

What are the folds in the stomach called

A

The rugae

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79
Q

What is the part of the stomach that connects to the duodenum of small intestine

A

The pyloric sphincter

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80
Q

What are the five gastric juices

A
  1. Water
  2. Hydrochloric acid
  3. Pepsins
  4. Intrinsic factor
  5. Mucus
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81
Q

Water, hydrochloric acid, pepsins, intrinsic factor and mucus are all components of the what

A

Gastric juices

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82
Q

What is waters role as a part of the gastric juices

A

Further liquefies the food swallowed

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83
Q

What is hydrochloric acids three roles as part of the gastric juices

A

Acidifies the food to stop action of amylase.
Kills microbes
Provides acidic environment of pepsin

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84
Q

What are pepsins are what do they do

A

They are enzymes that break proteins into smaller molecules

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85
Q

Do pepsins work in a high ph or a low ph

A

Act in a low ph, very acidic

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86
Q

What is the intrinsic factor in the gastric juices necessary for

A

For absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum

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87
Q

What is needed for the necessary absorption of B12 in the ileum

A

Intrinsic factor which is one of the gastric juices

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88
Q

What are mucus role in the stomach

A
  • Prevents mechanical injury to the stomach wall by lubricating the contents
  • barrier between the stomach wall and acidic juices, protects the stomach
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89
Q

What is the name of the thing which prevents mechanical injury to the stomach wall by lubricating the contents and it acts as a barrier between stomach wall and acidic juices

A

Mucus

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90
Q

What is the name of the enzymes that break proteins into smaller molecules

A

Pepsins

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91
Q

What are the six functions of the stomach

A
  1. Temporary storage
  2. Chemical digestion
  3. Mechanical breakdown
  4. Some absorption
  5. Non specific defence against microbes
  6. Production and secretion of intrinsic factor
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92
Q

What do chief cells secrete and what is this

A

Secrete pepsinogen which is the inactive form of pepsin

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93
Q

What is the inactive form of pepsin called

A

Pepsinogen

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94
Q

What cells secrete pepsinogen

A

Chief cells

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95
Q

What is absorbed in the stomach

A

Water, alcohol and some lipid- soluble drugs

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96
Q

Temporary storage, chemical digestion, mechanical breakdown, some absorption, non specific defence against microbes and production and secretion of intrinsic factors are the functions of which organ

A

The stomach

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97
Q

What are the ways which the stomach defends against microbes

A

Hydrochloric acid and vomiting

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98
Q

What are the three phases of gastric juice secretion

A
  1. Cephalon phase
  2. Gastric phase
  3. Intestinal phase
99
Q

Cephalic phase, gastric phase and intestinal phase all make up the phases of what

A

Gastric juice secretion

100
Q

What is the cephalic phase of the gastric juice secretion

A

The flow of juice before the food reaches the stomach

101
Q

What is the gastric phase of the gastric juice secretion

A

When food is present gastric is secreted which stimulates gastric glands to produce more gastric juice

102
Q

What is the intestinal phase of gastric juice secretion

A

When the chyme reaches the small intestine secretin and cholecystokinin are produced to slow down the secretion of gastric juice and reduce gastric motility

103
Q

What is the phase called where the chyme reaches the small intestine and secretin and cholecystokinin are produced to slow down the secretion of gastric juice

A

Intestinal phase

104
Q

In the intestinal phase what two things are secreted and what do these do

A

Secretin and cholecystokinin are produced to slow down the secretion of gastric juice and reduce gastric motility

105
Q

What organ follows the stomach in digestion

A

Small intestine

106
Q

What are the three components of the small intestine

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Illeum
107
Q

What is the middle section of the small intestine called

A

The jejunum

108
Q

What is the end section of the small intestine called

A

The ileum

109
Q

What is the section of the small intestine called where secretions from gallbladder and pancreas are released

A

Duodenum

110
Q

What happens int the suodenum section of the small intestine

A

Where secretions form the gallbladder and pancreas are released

111
Q

What is the role of ileocecal valve

A

Controls flow of material from ileum to cecum

112
Q

What increases the small intestine surface area

A

Villi and microvilli

113
Q

What are the names of the cells which secrete mucosa

A

Goblet cells

114
Q

Goblet cells secret what

A

Secrete mucosa

115
Q

What neutralise stomach acid in the small intestine

A

Intestinal juices

116
Q

Duodenum, jejunum and illeum are all sections of what

A

Small intestine

117
Q

What are the names of the enzymes which digeste carbohydrates

A
  1. Salivary amalyse
  2. Pancreatic amylase
  3. Maltase
118
Q

What are the names of the enzymes which break down proteins

A
  1. Pepsin
  2. Trypsin
  3. Peptidases
119
Q

What enzymes break down fat

A

Lipase

120
Q

What enzymes break down nucleic acid

A
  1. Nuclease

2. Nucleosidases

121
Q

Pepsin, trypsin and peptidases are enzymes which breakdown what

A

Proteins

122
Q

Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase and, maltase all break down what

A

Carbohydrates

123
Q

Nuclease and nucleosidases break down what

A

Nucleic acid digestion

124
Q

Lipase breaks down what

A

Fat

125
Q

Where is salivary amalyse produced

A

Salivary glands

126
Q

Where is pancreatic amylase produced

A

Pancreas

127
Q

Where is maltase produced

A

Small intestine

128
Q

Where is pepsin produced

A

Gastric glands

129
Q

Where is trypsin produced

A

Pancreas

130
Q

Where is peptidases produced

A

Small intestine

131
Q

Where is nuclease produced

A

Pancreas

132
Q

Where is nucleosidases produced

A

Pancreas

133
Q

Where is lapis produced

A

Pancreas

134
Q

The pancreas produces what digestive enzymes

A 
Pancreatic amylase 
Trypsin
Nuclease 
Nucleosidases
Lipase
135
Q

Where is the pancreatic amylase released

A

Small intestine

136
Q

Where is maltase released

A

Small intestine

137
Q

Where is pepsin released

A

Stomach

138
Q

Where is trypsin and peptidases released

A

Small intestine

139
Q

The nuclease, nucleosidases and lipase are all released where

A

Small intestine

140
Q

The small intestine releases what enzymes

A 
Pancreatic amylase 
Maltase
Trypsin
Peptidases 
Nuclease 
Nucleosidases
Lipase
141
Q

What are carbohydrates broken down into

A

Monosaccharides

142
Q

What are proteins broken down into

A

Amino acids

143
Q

What are fats broken down into

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

144
Q

In the small intestine what is three things ischyme mixed with for chemical digestion

A
  1. Pancreatic juice
  2. bile
  3. Intestinal juice
145
Q

Fatty acids and glycerol are the products of what

A

Fats

146
Q

Monosaccharides are the products of what

A

Carbohydrates

147
Q

Amino acids are the products of what

A

Proteins

148
Q

What does the pancreatic juice do in the small intestine

A

Neutralises ph of chyme so that pancreatic enzymes, amalyse and lipase work effectively

149
Q

What neutralises the ph of chyme in the small intestine and what does this allow for

A

Pancreatic juice neutralises the ph of chyme so that pancreatic enzymes can work effectively

150
Q

What does bile do

A

Emulsifiers fats and excretes bilirubin

151
Q

What liquid emulsifiers fats and excretes bilirubin

A

Bile

152
Q

Where is the caecum found

A

Large intestine

153
Q

What does the caecum do in the large intestine

A

Absorbs remaining fluid and salt

154
Q

Where in the large intestine is remaining fluid and salts absorbed

A

The caecum

155
Q

The colon is divided into how many sections

A

4

156
Q

What are the four sections of the colon called

A
  1. Ascending
  2. Transverse
  3. Descending
  4. Sigmoid
157
Q

What is the function of the colon

A

Colon reabsorbed fluid and prepares waster for excretion

158
Q

What part of the large intestine reabsorbed flui and prepares waste for excretion

A

The colon

159
Q

What vitamins are absorbed in the large intestine

A

Vitamin K, B5 and biotin

160
Q

Vitamin K, B5 and biotin and absorbed where

A

The large intestine

161
Q

What is the function of the rectum

A

To store faeces

162
Q

Where is faeces stored

A

In the rectum

163
Q

The anal canal leads from where to where

A

From rectum to exterior

164
Q

How many musclular sphincters does the rectal canal have

A

2

165
Q

What are the two muscular sphincters of the anal canal called

A

Internal anal sphicter and external anal sphicter

166
Q

How many lobes does the liver have

A

4

167
Q

What are the four lobes of the liver called

A
  1. Right
  2. Left
  3. Caudate
  4. Quad rate
168
Q

The right, left, caudate and quadrate make up the lobes of the what

A

The liver

169
Q

The liver recives its blood and nutrients from what two sources

A

Hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

170
Q

Is the hepatic artery going towards or away from the heart

A

Away

171
Q

The hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein supply what organ which blood

A

The liver

172
Q

What is the livers main function

A

To filter blood

173
Q

Where does the liver receive blood from

A

The hepatic artery

174
Q

What artery bring the blood to the liver

A

The hepatic artery

175
Q

Where does the hepatic portal vein bring blood to the liver from

A

From the intestines

176
Q

Blood from the intestines contains what

A

Carbohydrates and fats absorbed from your food

177
Q

After the small intestines have absorbed your nutrients from your food, where does this get sent to

A

The liver

178
Q

The liver breaks down carbohydrates and converts them to what, and what does the body use these for

A

Breaks down carbohydrates or sugars for the body to use as energy

179
Q

What does the liver do which excess sugars

A

Liver stores them for the future

180
Q

When the liver recieves blood that has toxins in, what does it do with the toxins

A

Converts a useless or toxic substance into a product that can’t hurt the body or it isolates it and sends it to the kidneys to be excretes

181
Q

What organ either converts toxic substances into useful ones or sends it to be excreted to the kidneys

A

The liver

182
Q

What are the five things which the liver makes

A
  1. Blood plasma proteins
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Vitamin D
  4. Substances that help digestion
  5. Bile
183
Q

Blood plasma proteins, cholesterol, vitamin d, substances that help digestion and bile are all made where

A

The liver

184
Q

What do blood plasma proteins do

A

Transport fatty acids and help form blood clots

185
Q

The liver uses called called what to convert toxic waste product into bile

A

Hepatocytes

186
Q

What are hepatocytes and what do they do

A

Bells that convert toxic waste product into bile

187
Q

Bile is stored in the gallbladder, where does it gap from here

A

Trickles down into the intestines

188
Q

What are lobes made out of

A

Lobules

189
Q

Sinusoids contain blood from where

A

Portal vein and hepatic artery

190
Q

What type of cells ingest and destroy worn out blood cells and foreign particles present in blood

A

Kupffer cells

191
Q

What do kupffer cells do

A

Ingest and destroy worm out blood cells and foreign particles in the blood

192
Q

What are kupffer cells also known as

A

Hepatic macrophages

193
Q

Blood drain s from the sinusoids into where, which will eventually join to form what

A

Blood drains from the sinusoids into the central veins which will eventually form hepatic veins

194
Q

Where do bile ducts run through in the liver lobules

A

Bile ducts runs through the hepatocytes

195
Q

The bile canaliculi join up in the liver lobule forming what

A

Left and right hepatic ducts

196
Q

How does bile drain out from the liver

A

Through hepatic ducts

197
Q

What are hepatic lobules

A

Hepatocytes cells which are surrounded by the portal triad

198
Q

Hepatocyte cells that are surrounded by the portal triad are known as what

A

Hepatic lobules

199
Q

The portal triad contains what three things

A
  1. Portal vein
  2. Hepatic artery
  3. Bile duct
200
Q

The portal vein, hepatic aretery and bile duct are all collectively known as the what

A

Portal triad

201
Q

What is in the center of a hepatic lobule

A

The central vein which will join to form the hepatic vein

202
Q

In the hepatic lobule, where does the blood collect after it extracts nutrients and oxygen

A

The central vein

203
Q

the central vein in the hepatic lobule will collect what

A

Blood after it has extracted nutrients and oxygen

204
Q

By getting nutrient rich blood to enter the hepatic lobule, what does this mean for the hepatocytes

A

They can extract nutrients

205
Q

How do liver cells/ hepatocytes extract nutrients from the blood

A

Blood enters the hepatic lobule where hepatocyte cells are surrounded by the portal triad which extract the the nutrients, after which the blood is collected in the central vein

206
Q

What are the two forms of breakdown during digestion

A

Mechanical and chemical

207
Q

What is the function of the kupffer cell

A

Engulf pathogens

208
Q

Name a hormone secreted but he pancreas

A

Insulin, glucagon

209
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder

A

Store bile

210
Q

What structures make up the hepatic triad

A

Hepatic artery, bile duct, hepatic portal vein

211
Q

Where are faeces stored

A

Rectum

212
Q

What is the first part of the large intestine

A

Cecum

213
Q

What sphicter prevents acid reflux into the oesophagus

A

Lower oesophageal sphincter

214
Q

What are the functions of secretin and cholecystokinin

A

Slow down the secretion of your gastric juices

215
Q

What motion moves food through the gastrointestinal tract

A

Peristalsis

216
Q

What are the six functions of the liver

A
  1. Carbohydrate metabolism
  2. Fat metabolism
  3. Protein metabolism
  4. Breakdown of erythrocytes and defence against microbes
  5. Detoxification of drugs and toxic substances
  6. Inactivation of hormones
217
Q

What is fat metabolism are where does it happen

A

Happen in the liver and is where stored fat can be converted into a form that can be used by tissues

218
Q

When stored fat can be converted into a form that can be used by tissues what is this called

A

Fat metabolism

219
Q

Where does protein metabolsim occur

A

In the liver

220
Q

What is protein metabolsim

A

The Deamination, transamination, synthesis of plasma proetins

221
Q

Deamination, trasamination and synthesis of plasma proetins is known as what process

A

Protein metab

222
Q

Where does the breakdown of erythrocytes and defence against microbes happen in the body

A

The liver

223
Q

Where in your body would the inactivation of hormones be

A

The liver

224
Q

The liver is responsible for what three types of metabolsim

A

Fat, protein and carbohydrate metabolsim

225
Q

The liver is also used for storage, what does is store

A

Fat soluble substances, glycogen, fat soluble vitamins, iron, copper, some water soluble vitamins

226
Q

Insulin and glucagon are produced where

A

Pancreas

227
Q

What are the names of the specialised cells which have no ducts and are distributed throughout the pancreas and allow for hormones to diffuse directly into the blood

A

Pancreatic islets of langerhans

228
Q

What do the islets of langerhans in the pancreas allow for

A

Hormones produced s to diffuse directly into the blood

229
Q

The pancreas has lots of lobules which are made up of what

A

Acini

230
Q

What is the role of the exocrines role of the pancreas

A

To produce enzymes in the pancreatic juice which digest carbohydrates, proteins and fats

231
Q

Which gland is responsible for producing enzymes in the pancreatic juice which digest carbohydrates, proteins and fats

A

The pancreas

PONs (8 decks)

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