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PONs > homeostasis and cell’s > Flashcards

homeostasis and cell’s Flashcards

1
Q

what is homeostasis

A

maintenance of a stable internal environment so that your internal environment is kept in a state of dynamic equilibrium

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2
Q

what are factors of homeostasis

A

temperature regulation, regulations of hormones, maintain blood pressure

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3
Q

why is it important to maintain the right core body termperature and blood ph

A

temperature and pH affect enzyme activity, and enzymnes control the rate of metabolic reactics

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4
Q

why is it important to maintain the right blood glucose concentration

A

because cells need glucose for energy and blood glucose concentration affects to water potential of blood

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5
Q

why does the rate of metabolic reactions increase when the temperatures increased

A

more heat means more kinetic energy, the molecules will move faster, meaning they are more likley to collide with the enzymes active sites.

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6
Q

if the temperature gets too high why does the reaction eventually stop.

A

the rise in tempertaure makes the enzymes molues vibrate more. If the temperature becomes too high , the vibration brakes some of the hydrogen and ionic bonds which hold the enzyme in its shape. the active site changes shape and the enzyme and substrate no longer fit. enzyme is denatured

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7
Q

if blood ph is too high or low why do reactions eventually stop

A

enzymes will denature due to the hydrogen and ionic bonds breaking, the active site changes shape and the substrate will no longer fit, the reaction can not occur.

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8
Q

how would you calculate the pH

A

calculated based on the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the environment

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9
Q

if it is a more acidic environment, does this mean there is a high concentration of H+, or a low concentration

A

as there is a greater concentration of H+, the lower the pH will be, meaning it is a more acidic environment

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10
Q

why is it bad if blood glucose concentration becomes to high

A

if it is too high, the water potential of blood is reduced to a point where water molecules diffuse out of cells into the blood via osmosis, this can cause the cells to shrivel up a die.

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11
Q

if blood glucose concentration is too low why are cells unable to carry out normal activities

A

because there isn’t enough glucose for respiration to provide energy

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12
Q

explain the negative feedback loop

A
  1. receptors detect when a level is too high or too low
  2. the information is communicated via the nervous system or the hormonal system to effectors.
  3. the effectors respond to counteract the change, bringing the level back to normal
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13
Q

fill in the blank
normal level -> level changes from normal -> receptors detect change -> -> effectors respond -> level brought back to normal

A

communication via nervous or hormonal system

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14
Q

why do we have multiple negative feedback mechanisms

A

means you can actively increase or decrease a level so it returns to normal e.g you have feedback mechanisms to reduce your body temperature and also have mechanisms to increase it.

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15
Q

is this feedback loop negative or positive?
normal level -> normal level changes -> receptors detect change -> communication via nervous or hormonal system -> effectors respond -> change amplified

A

positive feedback loop

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16
Q

what is positive feedback

A

the mechanism that amplifies a change away from the normal level

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17
Q

when is positive feedback useful

A

it is useful to rapidly activate processes in the body

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18
Q

blood glucose concentration is monitored by cells in the what

A

pancreas

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19
Q

the hormonal system controls blood glucose concentration using which two hormones

A

insulin and glucagon

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20
Q

What is the role of the nucleus

A

Contains nucleolus which has cell DNA. Directs all metabolic activities

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21
Q

What is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesises lipids and steroid hormones

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22
Q

What is the role of the fought endoplasmic reticulum

A

Studded with ribosome which synthesis proteins

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23
Q

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus

A

Where proteins are packaged into membrane bound vesicles

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24
Q

What is the role of the mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of cell. Produce ATP

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25
Q

What is the role of the cell membrane

A

Controls what goes in and out of the cell

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26
Q

The cell memebrane is a protective layer that helps with what

A

Protection, transportation, communication

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27
Q

What is the cell membrane primarily made up of

A

Phospholipids

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28
Q

The phospholipids have a polar head, does this mean they are attracted to or replied from water

A

Attracted to

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29
Q

The phospholipids have a non polar head, what does this mean

A

It repels water

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30
Q

The cell membrane houses other molecules such as what

A

Proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterol

31
Q

By the does cholesterol in the cell membrane help with

A

Communication about other cells

32
Q

Is diffusion a passive or active process

A

Passive, no energy is needed

33
Q

Is active transport a passive or active process

A

Active, energy is required

34
Q

Is osmosis a passive or active process

A

Passive

35
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

Large particles are taken in by the cell

36
Q

What is endocytosis

A

The process of taking material into the cell by means of pockets in the membrane

37
Q

What is exocytosis

A

The removal of large amount of materials from the cell

38
Q

What is pinocytes

A

The process by which certain cells can engulf and incorporate droplets of fluid

39
Q

What are the two phases or DNA replication called

A

Transcription and translation

40
Q

What is transcription

A

Where DNA is copied to RNA in the nucleus

41
Q

What is translation

A

Where RNA is used to create proteins in the cytoplasm

42
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Process in place in order to keep the internal conditions of the body constant. This is done through the use of control systems

43
Q

What factors need to remain constant

A 
Temperature
Glucose
Ph
Toxins
Blood pressure
44
Q

What does the control system consist of

A

Detector
Control centre
Effector

45
Q

What is the role of the receptors in the negative feedback loop

A

Monitors and detects change

46
Q

What are automatic control systems

A

Recognise when there’s a change from the optimal conditions, then send a signal so that the levels go back to normal

47
Q

What does the coordination center do in the negative feedback loop

A

Interpret the change which has been detected by the receptors and decided what needs to be done about it

48
Q

What do the effectors do in the negative feedback loop

A

These are the things which carry out change

49
Q

What do positive feedback mechanisms do

A

Take the response further from the norm

50
Q

What does negative feedback systems do

A

When ever the level of something gets to high, negative feedback decreases it to return to normal

51
Q

What is active transport

A

The movement of particles against the ontration gradient

52
Q

What is osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane

53
Q

What is diffusion

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low contraction

54
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum is formed by what

A

An extensive network of membranous canals

55
Q

Where is the nucleolus found and what is it involved in

A

Found in the nucleus and involved in the assembly of ribosomes

56
Q

A small membranous vessicle that constrains digestive enzymes, which part of the cell is being referred to here

A

The lysosomes

57
Q

The ribosomes are found free in the cytoplasms, they attack of to what

A

The rough endoplasmic reticulum

58
Q

Heat change in the body is detected by what

A

The hypothalamus

59
Q

Heat is lost from the body as what

A

Radiation

60
Q

What are the four systems of thermoregulation

A

Integumentary
Cardiovascular
Musculoskeletal
Nervous

61
Q

Can infants regulate their own body temperature

A

No

62
Q

Infants can easily over heat, what serious issue can this result in

A

Febrile convulsions, seizures

63
Q

What do baby’s contain brown fat

A

For extra insulation

64
Q

Most of the ATP that cells require is produced in the what?

A

Mitochondria

65
Q

The movement of carbon dioxide from an area of relatively high concentration to an area of relatively low concentration is an example of what?

A

Diffusion

66
Q

The plasma membrane separates the what from the what?

A

Separates the interstitial fluid from the cytoplasm

67
Q

The backbone of the plasma membrane is a what belayer

A

Phospholipid

68
Q

The watery component of the cytoplasm is called the what

A

Cytosol

69
Q

Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the what

A

Mitochondria

70
Q

What consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attaches ribosomes

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

71
Q

The control centre for cellular operations is the what

A

Nucleus

72
Q

The extra cellular fluid in most tissues is called the what fluid?

A

Interstitial

73
Q

What will have to a red blood cell in hypotonic solutions

A

Swell and burst

74
Q

The movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane is called what

A

Osmosis

PONs (8 decks)

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