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PONs > integumentary > Flashcards

integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

where do the cells of the epidermis origniate

A

in the basal layer

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2
Q

what is the basal layer made up of

A

cuboidal, nucleated, highly active epithelial cells

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3
Q

as new cells are formed, they are pushed upwards, away from the basal layer and change their shape and structure. by the time they have reached the skin surface, what has been re[;aced withn the cells and what has it been exchanged with

A

cytoplasms is replaces with a proteoin called keratin

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4
Q

how long does complete replacement of the epidermis usauslly take

A

around a month

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5
Q

hairs, secretions from sebaceous glans and ducts of sweat galnds pass through the what to reacj the skin surface

A

pass through the skin surface

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6
Q

what anchers the dermis securely to the epidermis

A

the dermal papillae

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7
Q

when trauma separates the dermis what develops

A

blisters

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8
Q

by the dermis being securely attached to the epidermis what does this allow for

A

for the passage and echange of nutrients and wastes to the lower part of the epidermis

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9
Q

where the skin is subject to greater tear, will the epidermis be thinner or thicker

A

thicket

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10
Q

in areas of a thicker epidermis, what gives the skin surface an riged appearance

A

dermal papo;;ae arranged in parallel lines, giving the skin surface a rigid appearance

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11
Q

what are the various factprs that affect skin colour

A

melanin
normal saturation of haemoglobin and amount of blood circulating
excessive levels of bile pigment in blood

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12
Q

melanin is a dark pigment dervived from where

A

from the amino acid tyrosine

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13
Q

what secretes melanin

A

melanocytes

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14
Q

where is leamin secreted into

A

the depp germinative layer

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15
Q

when melanin is secreted, what is it absorbed by

A

the epithelial cells

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16
Q

exposure to what promotes synthesis of melanin

A

sunlight

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17
Q

what does melanin protect the skin from

A

harmful effects of ultraviolet rays in the sunlight

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18
Q

what gives whin skin its pink colour

A

normal saturation of haemoglobin and the amount of bloof circulating in the dermis

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19
Q

if there are excessive levels of bile pigments in blood and carotenes in subcutaneous fat, what colour will the skin appear

A

yellowish colour

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20
Q

what are the different sensory receptors in the skin

A

meissners sorpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
free nerve ending

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21
Q

the dermis is formed from what

A

connective tissue and the matric contains collagen fibres interlaces with elastic fibres

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22
Q

premanent striae or stretch marks is the result from what

A

repture of elastic fibres from overstretching of skin

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23
Q

what gives skin its tensile strength

A

collagen fibres bind water

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24
Q

what are the main cells found in the dermis

A

fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells

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25
Q

what are the structures that are found in the dermis

A

small blood and lymph vessels

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26
Q

what forms a fine network with capillary branches supplying sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follivles and the dermis

A

arterioles

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27
Q

what are the things that the sensory factors are sensitive to

A

touch, temperature, pressure and pain

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28
Q

what is the Pacinian corpuscle sensitive to

A

deep pressure

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29
Q

what is the free nerve ending sensitive to

A

pain

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30
Q

what is the meissners corpuscle sensitive to

A

light pressure

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31
Q

what are sweat glands formed from

A

epithelial cells

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32
Q

how many types of sweat glands are there

A

two

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33
Q

what is the more common type of sweat gland

A

the eccrine sweat glands

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34
Q

when do the apocrine sweat glands become active

A

during puberty

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35
Q

where are the apocrine sweat glands ususally found

A

in the axilla and genital area

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36
Q

what is the most important function of sweat

A

regulation of body temperature

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37
Q

excessive sweating can lead to what

A

dehydration and serious depletion of sodium chloride

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38
Q

what cause the unpleasant smell of sweat glands

A

bacterial decomposition of the secretions of the apocrine sweat glands

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39
Q

what are the different types of sweat glands

A

the eccrine sweat glands, the apocrine sweat glands

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40
Q

at the base of of the hair follicle is a cluster of cells called what

A

called the hair papilla or bulb

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41
Q

how is hair colour determined

A

genetically determined and depends on the amount and type of melanin present

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42
Q

why does hair turn white

A

melanon production by the follicule stops

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43
Q

the little bundles of smooth muscle fibres attached to the hair follicles are called whaat

A

arrector pili

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44
Q

the sebaceous glands consist of what

A

secretory epithelial cells derived from the same tissue as the hair follicules

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45
Q

what is the name of the oily antimicrobial substance which the secaceous glands secrete

A

the sebum

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46
Q

what keeps the hair soft and pliable

A

sebum

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47
Q

what waterproofs the skin and acts as a bactericidial and fungicidial agent.

A

sebum

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48
Q

the nails are keratin platess that protect what

A

the tips of the fingers and toes

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49
Q

the hemispherical pale area of your cuticle is called what

A

lunula

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50
Q

what is the pigment which protects againts harmful ultraviolent rays in sunlight

A

melalin

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51
Q

what system is in place which regulates the balance between heat produced in the body and heat lost to the environment

A

the negative feedback system

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52
Q

what are the principle organs which produce the most heat

A

skeletal muscle contraction
the liver- very active metabolically
the digestive organs-generate heat during the chemical reactions in digestion

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53
Q

most heat loss in the body occurs through the what

A

through the skin

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54
Q

what are the four mechanisms of heat loss

A

radiation
evaporation
conduction
convection

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55
Q

how does radiotion generate in heat loss

A

when exposed parts of the body radiate heat away from the body

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56
Q

how does evaporation generate in heat loss

A

when the body is cooled as body heat converts the water in sweat to water vapour

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57
Q

how does conduction generate in heat loss

A

when clothes and other objects in direct contact with the skin take up heat

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58
Q

how does convection generate in heat loss

A

when air passing over exposed parts of the body is heated and rises, and cool air replaces it, setting up convection currents. convection also cools the body when clothes are worn

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59
Q

when the hypothalamus responds to decreasing temperature, it sends nerve impulses where and how do these places respond

A

arterioles in the dermis, which constrcit, decreasing blood flow to the skin
skeletal muscles, stimulating shivering

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60
Q

as heat is conserved, body temperature rises, when it turns back to normal, what is switched of

A

the negative feedback loop

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61
Q

when temperature rises how is heat loss increased

A

dilation of arterioles in the dermis- increasing blood flow to the skin
stimulation of the sweat glands-causing sweating

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62
Q

when body temperature is increased the sweat glands secrete sweat on to the skin surface. what mechanism of heat loss causing the body to cool down in this instance

A

evaporation

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63
Q

what is insensible water

A

loss of heat from the body by evaporation of water through the skin and expired air occurring even when the temperature is low

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64
Q

as body temperature rises what dilates

A

the arterioles

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65
Q

due to the arterioles dilating will more or less blood enter the capillaries

A

more

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66
Q

when the temperature is warm, in addition to increasing the amount of sweat produced, what else will the body do

A

increase the temperature of the skin and therefore more heat is lost by radiation, conduction and convection

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67
Q

if the environmental temperature is low or if heat production is decreased will the arterioles in the dermis contrstric or dilate

A

constrict

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68
Q

by the arterioles constricting due to low temperature of environment, what will this reduce

A

reduce blood flow to the body surface, conserving heat

69
Q

fever is often the result of infection and is caused by what

A

caused by release of chemical from inflammatory cells and invading bacteria

70
Q

fever is caused from an infection, caused by the release of chemical, what are these chemicals called

A

pyrogens

71
Q

the pyrogens act on the hypothalamus during a fever, this releases what

A

releases prostaglandins

72
Q

by the release of prostaglandins from the hypothalamus, what does this do

A

resets the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher temperature.

73
Q

how does the body respond to prostaglandins resetting the hypothalamic thermosets to a higher temperature

A

body responds by shivering, activating heat promotion mechanisms

74
Q

during a fever when the thermostat has been reset to the normal level what is activated

A

heat loss mechanisms

75
Q

profuse sweating and profuse sweating during a fever is know as what

A

known as rigor

76
Q

when the body core temperature is below 35 degrees Celsius, what is this defined as

A

hypothermia

77
Q

at what temperature will the compensatory mechanisms that normally restore body temperature fail

A

32 degrees celcius

78
Q

a lipid based substance presnt in the skin is converted to what, and what is it converted by

A

converted to vitamin D by sunlight

79
Q

vitamin d is used with what other minerals in the formation and maintance of what

A

vitamin d along with calcium and phosphate in the formation and maintance of bone

80
Q

sensory receptors in the dermis can be sensitive to what

A

touch, pressure, temperature or pain

81
Q

stimulation of the sensory receptors generates impulses in sensory nerves, these are then transmitted where

A

to the cerebrall cortex

82
Q

absorption of substance into the skin is limited, what are the substances that can be absorbed

A

some drugs when applied as transdermal patches

some toxic chemicals

83
Q

the skin is a minor excretory organs for which substances

A

sodium chloride in sweat
urea
aromatic substances

84
Q

why is a good blood supply an important factor when facilitating wound healing

A

a good blood supply will provide oxygen and nutiretns and remoce waste products

85
Q

what are the local factors that faciliate wound healing

A

good blood supply

freedom from contamination e.g microbes

86
Q

this type of healing follows minimal destrcution of tissue when the damaged edges of a wound are in close apposition, what type of healing is this

A

primary healing

87
Q

what are the three stages of primary healing

A

inflammation
proliferation
maturation

88
Q

in the first few hours of a cut, it will become inflamed and blood clot and what eles will fill the gap between them

A

blood clot and cell debris

89
Q

in the first few hours of a cut, what will migrate into the blood clot

A

phagocites and fibroblasts migrate to the blood clot

90
Q

during the inflamtion stage of primary healing, after the phagocytes have mirated to the blood clot. what do they next begin to do

A

the phagocytes begin to remove the clot and cell debris, stimulating fibroblast activity

91
Q

during the inflammation stage of primary healing, after the fibroblasts have migrated to the blood clot, what do they then begin to do

A

fibroblasts secrete collagen fibres, which begin to bind the wound margins togther

92
Q

during the proflieration stage in the primary wound healing. what type of cells increase across the wound

A

epithelial cells

93
Q

during the prolieartion phase pf primary wound healing, what does the pidermis do in this phase

A

epidermis will meet and grow upwards until full thickness is restored

94
Q

what does granulation tissue consist of

A

new capillary buds, phagocytes and fibroblasts.

95
Q

what type of tissue in the proflieration stage of primary healing develops, invades the clot and then does what

A

granulation tissues develops, ivades the clot and resors blood supply to the wound

96
Q

during the proliferation stage of primary healing, what do the fibroblasts secrete and what removes any bacteria

A

fibroblasts continue to secret collagen fibres as the clot

any bacteria is removed by phagocytosis

97
Q

during the maturation phase of primary healing, the granulation tissue will be replaced by what

A

replaced by fibrous scar tissue

98
Q

what makes the strenght of the wound increase during the maturation phase of primary healing

A

reaarngment of the collages fibres occurs and strenght of the wound increases

99
Q

what type of tissue occurs when there is extensive tissue destruction or when the edges of a wound cannot be brought into apposition

A

secondary healing

100
Q

what are the stages in secondary wound healing

A

inflammation
proliferation
maturation

101
Q

during inflammation, in the secondary healing, what type of tissue separation happens

A

the separation of nectrotic tissue begins

102
Q

during inflammation in the secondary healing, why does the separation of necrotic tissue occur

A

due to the action of phagocytes in the inflammatory exudate

103
Q

how do the phagocytes reduce or prevent ingetion of the wound in the proflieartion stage of secondary healing

A

ingest bacteria after sepeartion of the necrotic tissue

104
Q

sepeartioin of the nectrotic tissue is also called what

A

slough

105
Q

microbroblastss develop what ability

A

limited abilty to contract

106
Q

by microblasts contracting what does this therefore do to the wound

A

reducing the size of the wound and healing time

107
Q

whe ngranulation tissue reaches the level of the dermis, what do the epithelial cells do

A

proliferate and grow towards the cetre

108
Q

maturation occurs by what

A

fibrosis

109
Q

what is fibrosis

A

scar tissue replaces granulation tissue until full thickness is restored

110
Q

as what stage of secondary healing does granulation tissue develop

A

prolifeation stage

111
Q

at what stage of secondary healing does sepeartion of slough tissue begin

A

inflammation stage

112
Q

what is the process of fibrosis

A

granulation tissue forms, inflmmatory material is removed, leaving only the collagen fibres secreted by the fibroblasts

113
Q

what type of tissue does adhesions consist of

A

fubrous tissue

114
Q

what causes an infarction

A

bloackage of a blood vessel by a thrombus or an embolus

115
Q

fibrosis of a large infarct can lead to what

A

varying degrees of organ dysfunction

116
Q

as fibrous tissue ages what occurs

A

tissue shinkage

117
Q

what effect can tissue shirinkage have on small tubular structures

A

may become narroe, obstructed and lose their elasticity

118
Q

what affect can tissue shrinkage have on contractures

A

contractures may extend across joints

119
Q

what is contractures

A

bands of shurunlen fibrous tissue

120
Q

infection arises because of what

A

microbial contamination

121
Q

what does ous consist of

A

dead phagocytes, other dead cells, cell debris, fibrin, inflammatory exudate and living and dead microbes

122
Q

what are the most common pyogenuc pathogen

A

staphylococcus aurues and streptococcus pyogenes

123
Q

small amounts of ppus form boils, what do larger collections form

A

Abscesses

124
Q

s. aurens produce what enzyme

A

coagulase

125
Q

what does the enzyme coagulase which is produced by s.aureuns do

A

converts fibrinogen to fibrin, localising the pus

126
Q

s.pyogens produce what, this helps to do what

A

produce toxins that break down tissue, speading the infection

127
Q

in skin ageing, as the basal layer becomes less active what thins

A

the epidermis thins

128
Q

by the dermis thinning what does this mean there are fewer of

A

fewer elastic and collagen fibres

129
Q

by there being fewer elastic and collagen fibres from the dermis thinning, what does this cause the skin to do

A

winkle and sag

130
Q

changes to the skin can be accelerated by what

A

chronic and repeate exposure to string sunlight

131
Q

why are older adults at greater risk in extreme tempearures

A

sweat galnd activity and temperture regaultion becomes less efficent and making olderr adults more prone to heat strokes and hypothermia

132
Q

why does aging of the skin mean the skin is dry and susiptale to continual exposure to moister

A

less sebum is secreted

133
Q

in older adults a production of what vitamin decreases and what does this result in

A

decreas in production of vitamin D, predisposing older adults to deficincy and reduction in bone strength

134
Q

why are older adults more sensitive to sunlight and more prone to sunburn

A

melanovytes are less active

135
Q

in the human papiloma virus, what proliferates and a small girwth therefore develops

A

the epidermis prolifeerates and a small, firm growth develops

136
Q

impetigo is a highly infectios conditions commonly caused by what

A

staphyloccuc aureus

137
Q

cellulitis is a spreading infection caused by what

A

anaerobic bacteria

138
Q

cellulitis is caused by anaerobic bacteria, how is their spread facilitated

A

spread is facilitated by the formation of enzymes which break down the connective tissue that noramlly isolates an area of inflammation

139
Q

fungal infections are more likley in cool, dry areas of skin. true or false

A

false. they are more likley to be found in warm moist areas such as skin folds

140
Q

what is ringworm

A

duperficial skin infection

outward spreading ring of inflammation with clear patch of apparently normal skinin the centre

141
Q

how is ringworm and tinea pedis spread

A

by direct contact

142
Q

is dermatitis an example of a infective or non-infective disease

A

non infective

143
Q

children, who may suffer from hay dever or asthma are often affected by which non-infective inflammatory condition

A

atopic dermatisis

144
Q

conact dermatits is caused by what

A

direct constact with irritants e.g soap, detergent ..

145
Q

what are trigger factors which worsen the condition of psoriasos

A

trauma, infection, sunburn and some drugs, anxiety and stress

146
Q

psoriasis is characterised as what

A

exacerbation’s and periods of remission

147
Q

psoriasis is sometimes associated with which other disease

A

rheumatoid arthritis

148
Q

in psoriasis there is an increase in cell division of the epidermis, what does this mean for new cells

A

the new cell are pushed more quickly towards the surface layers and when they arrive at the surface they have not had time to mature into keratinised squames

149
Q

with acne vulgaris sebaceous glands become blocked and then infected, what does this leads to

A

inflammation and pustule formation

150
Q

acne vulgaris most frequently affects who

A

adolescent males

151
Q

when pressure ulcers occurs, blood flow to the affected area is impaired and what develops

A

ischaemia

152
Q

how are burns clasifed

A

according to their depth

153
Q

when only the epidermis is involved, what type of burn would this be classified as

A

superficial

154
Q

with a partial thickness burn, what layers of the skin are involved

A

epidermis and dermis

155
Q

with a full thickness burn, what layers of the skin are destroyed

A

epidermis and dermis

156
Q

why are full thickness burns usually relatively painless,

A

the sensory nerve endings in the dermis are destroyed

157
Q

the extent of burns in adults is roughly estimated using which rule

A

the rule of nines

158
Q

in adults with burns, hypovaolaemic shock usually develops when what percentage of the surface area is affected

A

15%

159
Q

what are the complications of burns

A 
dehydration and hypovolaemia
shock
hypothermia
infection
kidney failure
contractures
160
Q

how does dehydration and hypovolaemia occur in extensive burns

A

when there is excessive leakage of water and plasma proteins from the damaged skin surface

161
Q

why would hypothermia develop in a sever burn

A

develops when excessive heat is lost is leakage from burns

162
Q

why would infections occur from a sever burn

A

when subcutaneous tissue is exposed to the environment, microbes can readily infect the wound, which may result in sepsis

163
Q

why might kidney failure occur after a burn

A

acture tubular necrosis occurs in sever burns when the kidney tubules are damaged by the large amounts of waste from haemolysed erythocytes, and inflamed and degenerating burn tissue

164
Q

what is the most common type of skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma

165
Q

basal cell carcinoma is associated with what

A

long-term exposure to sunlight and therefore most likely to occur in older adults

166
Q

malignant melanoma usually originates in a what

A

in a mole

167
Q

laignat melanoma is the proliferation of what

A

melanocytes

168
Q

what are predisposing factors of malignant melanoma

A

fair skin and recurrant episodes of intensive exposure to sunlight

169
Q

ka[osis sarcoma is a malignant tumorur that usually arises from where

A

from the walls of blood and lymphatic vessels

PONs (8 decks)

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