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Massage Therapy > Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the FLUID of the cardiovascular system? How does it move through the body?

A

blood ; it moves through a series of vessels within a CLOSED CIRCUIT and is pumped by a muscular organ called the HEART

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2
Q

Cardiovascular system functions

A

1) transportation: substances include RESPIRATORY GASES (like oxygen & carbon dioxide), nutrients from the DIGESTIVE TRACT, wastes, heat, and cellular products such as ENZYMES and HORMONES
2) protection: the body is PROTECTED through disease-fighting WHITE BLOOD CELLS (theses cells also assist in the removal of IMPURITIES and PATHOGENS

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3
Q

The CARDIO-V and LYMPATIC systems are regarded as ______ systems beacuae of their function of transportation

A

“Pick up & delivery

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4
Q

Blood can be described as…

bonus: what causes blood to vary in color, from bright scarlet to dull maroon?

A

red fluid circulating through the heart and its vessels, and TRANSPORTS products to and from body cells

bonus: because of its OXYGEN CONTENT (the BRIGHTER the RED, the MORE OXYGEN)

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5
Q

How much of body weight does blood make up? What is bloods volume in an average sized adult?

A

approx 8% ; 5L (6 quarts or 12 pints)

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6
Q

Blood found in blood vessels is called ____. Its made of about 55% liquid ____ and 55% ____

A

whole blood ; plasma ; blood cells

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7
Q

Hematopoiesis and what types are produced?

A

blood cell production that occurs in the RED BONE MARROW ; ERYTHROCYTES (red blood cells), LEUKOCYTES (white blood cells), and THROMBCYTES (platelets)

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8
Q

Blood plasma

A

STRAW COLORED LIQUID in which blood cells are suspended; it is mostly WATER (between 90% and 95%) and SOLUTES

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9
Q

Erythrocytes (RBCs)

A

transports oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from body cells

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10
Q

Hemoglobin

A

an iron based protein that binds with oxygen and carbon dioxide so they can be transported in blood. Hemoglobin is what gives blood its red color

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11
Q

BICONCAVE DISKS with RAISED EDGES and a FLATTENED MIDDLE

A

red blood cells (the most NUMEROUS cell type)

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12
Q

The surfaces of RBCs contain ___ used to classify blood into ___ blood types

A

proteins ; ABO

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13
Q

Leukocytes (WBCs) are the body’s ____ ____ and serve as part of the body’s _____ ____ by ______ or _______ pathogens and foreign agents

A

mobile army
defense mechanisms
destroying
inactivating

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14
Q

The life span of WBCs ranges from a ___ ___ to a ___ _____ to _____ _____. When needed, WBCs can _____ quickly

A

few hours
few days
several years
multiply

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15
Q

Thrombocytes (platelets)

A

BLOOD CELL FRAGMENTS that help REDUCE BLOOD LOSS from damaged vessel walls by promoting HEMOSTASIS, or mechanisms that SLOW BLOD LOSS or STOP BLEEDING

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16
Q

What is the ABO system used for?

A

classifies blood into types based on the PRESENCE or ABSENCE of PROTEINS on the surfaces of RBCs. (These proteins are called ANTIGENS). There are TWO blood antigens, ANTIGEN A and ANTIGEN B

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17
Q

Type AB blood vs Type O

A

AB - UNIVERSAL RECIPIENTS bc their blood does NOT contain reactive antibodies

O - UNIVERSAL DONORS bc their blood doesnot have any antibodies; it is compatible with ALL other BLOOD TYPES

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17
Q

Type AB blood vs Type O

A

AB - UNIVERSAL RECIPIENTS bc their blood does NOT contain reactive antibodies

O - UNIVERSAL DONORS bc their blood doesnot have any antibodies; it is compatible with ALL other BLOOD TYPES

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18
Q

Heart (anatomy, location and physiology)

A
  • A HOLLOW, MUSCULAR organ about the size of a clenched fist
  • it is located in the MEDIASTINUM region, which is BEHIND the STERNUM and BETWEEN the LUNGS
  • pumping blood
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19
Q

layers of the heart (outer to inner)

A

1) pericardium - double layered sac
2) epicardium (outer layer) - contains fatty connective tissue and blood vessels called CORONARY VESSELS
3) myocardium (middle layer) - contains CARDIAC MUSCLE and makes up the bulk of the heart wall; (CONTRACTION of the myocardium forces blood from the heart chambers)
4) endocardium (inner layer) - continuous with the ENDOTHELIAL LINING of the heart chambers and blood vessels, as well as the VALVES of the heart

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20
Q

4 heart chambers

A

Left & right atrium - SUPERIOR chambers/ RECEIVING chambers bc they receive blood (they are separated by an INTERATRIAL SEPTUM)

Left & right ventricle (aka DISCHARGE CHAMBERS) - INFERIOR chambers; separated by an INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM; function as a DOUBLE PUMP

“right side of your heart has a different function than your left” -Garcia

21
Q

Right Atria vs Left Atria

A

Right - receives OXYGEN DEPLETED BLOOD (de-oxygenated blood) from the SUPERIOR and INFERIOR VENA CAVA

Left - receives OXYGEN RICH BLOOD from the PULMONARY VEINS

22
Q

Right ventricle vs left ventricle

A

Right - contracts to transport OXYGEN DEPLETED BLOOD into the PULMONARY TRUNK, which then DIVIDES into PULMONARY ARTERIES leading to the lungs

Left - contracts to transport OXYGEN RICH BLOOD to the REST OF THE BODY

23
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

A

located BETWEEN the ATRIA and the VENTRICLES and have pointed flaps called CUSPS

Right AV = TRICUSPID VALVE bc of its 3 cusps
Left AV = bicuspid valve bc of its 2 cusps (or MITRAL VALVE bc its shaped like a bishops hat)

Hack: “right” has odd number of letters & tricuspid has odd number of cusps

24
Q

Chordae Tendineae

A

Tendonlike CORDS that hold the TRICUSPID and MITRAL valves in place; they are attached to the heart wall by PAPILLARY MUSCLES; they keep the valve flaps from OPENING BACKWARD or PROLAPSING, when the ventricles contract

25
Q

Internal Conduction System

A
  • generates and distributes NERVE IMPULSES throughout the MYOCARDIUM, causing it to contract
  • Impulses are generated WITHOUT OUTSIDE INNERVATION, although outside nerves do innervate the heart
  • primary structures are the SINOATRIAL (SA) NODE and the AV NODE
26
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) NODE

A
  • located in the superior surface of the RIGHT ATRIUM
  • generates the nerve impulse for the HEARTBEAT and sets the PACE of HEART RATE
  • SA NODE is also called the PACEMAKER of the heart
27
Q

Blood Vessels

A
  • a CLOSED NETWORK of TUBES connected to the heart that TRANSPORT BLOOD
  • These are the blood’s HIGHWAY SYSTEM and are comparable to hollow streets
28
Q

The 3 main types of blood vessels

A

arteries, veins, & capillaries

29
Q

Arteries vs Veins vs Capillaries

A

Arteries - vessels transporting blood AWAY from the heart
Veins - vessels that RETURN blood to your heart
Capillaries - where blood EXCHANGES gases, nutrients, and wastes with cells of the body (MICROCIRCULATION)

30
Q

Layers (Tunics) of blood vessels
3 layers or tunics of most blood vessels

A

1) tunica interna (aka endothelium) - inner most layer of blood vessels
2) tunica media - middle layer of blood vessels, contains circularly arranged SMOOTH MUSCLE and ELASTIC FIBERS
3) tunica externa - outer layer of blood vessels; mostly CONNECTIVE TISSUE with COLLAGEN FIBERS

31
Q

Hollow space within blood vessels is called ____. when do vasodilation and vasoconstriction occur?

A

Lumen
-dilation: the lumen ENLARGES or WIDENS
-constriction: the lumen becomes SMALLER or NARROWS

32
Q

Hyperemia vs Ischemia

A

Hyper - increased local blood flow
Isch - decreased local blood flow

33
Q

Arteries

A
  • vessels transporting blood AWAY from the heart
  • blood within most arteries is OXYGEN-RICH
  • the EXCEPTION is the PULMONARY ARTERIES transporting OXYGEN-DEPLETED blood from the heart to the lungs
34
Q

As the heart beats and ejects blood, the arterial walls EXPAND and RECOIL. What is another name for this movement?

A

a pulse ; this ARTERIAL EXPANSION can be felt in arteries near the SURFACE of the body

35
Q

Arteriole

A

Arteries branch off into SMALLER and THINNER vessels

hack: “-ole” = small

36
Q

Venules

A

SMALL and THIN vessels that branch off of capillaries

37
Q

Order of which blood travels through vessels (starting with leaving the heart)

A

Arteries -> arteriole -> capillary beds -> venules -> veins -> back to the heart

38
Q

Blood Pressure
What happens during systole and diastole? (hint: highest number at the top= systole, lowest number at the bottom = diastole)

A

amount of PRESSURE exerted by blood on VESSEL WALLS as the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart CONTACTS and RELAXES
- SYSTOLE: ventricles CONTRACT and EJECT blood, and PRESSURE within arties INCREASES
- DIASTOLE: ventricles RELAX and FILL with blood, and PRESSURE within arteries DECREASES

39
Q

The technical name for blood pressure cuff and what is its purpose?

A

sphygmomanometer ; MEASURES blood pressure, usually in the BRACHIAL ARTERY, and reading are expressed as a HIGHER number OVER a LOWER number

40
Q

Hypertension vs Hypotension

A

Hyper: HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, usually when blood pressure readings reach or exceed 140/90

Hypo: LOW blood pressure, usually associated with lower cardiovascular risk

41
Q

Capillaries

A

The FUNCTIONAL UNIT of the cardiovascular system because this is where EXCHANGE of GASES, NUTRIENTS, and WASTES occur between blood and body cells

42
Q

Blood flow to CAPILLARY BEDS from the arterioles is called ______

A

Microcirculation

43
Q

Internal Respiration vs External Respiration

A

Internal: the exchange of GASES at the CAPILLARY level

External: exchanges of GASES between the BLOOD and the LUNGS

44
Q

Veins

A
  • vessels that RETURN blood to the heart
  • blood within most veins is OXYGEN-DEPLETED
  • the exception is the PULMONARY VEINS transporting OXYGEN-RICH blood from the LUNGS to the HEART
  • venus WALLS are THINNER and COLLAPSE more EASILY compared with arteries
  • the walls of veins also contain VALVES, whereas arterial walls do NOT have valves
  • this PREVNTS backflow
    -venus LUMENS are WIDER and they provide LESS RESISTANCE to blood flow
  • veins begin as small VENULES branching from CAPILLARIES
  • MOST BLOOD in the body is within VEINS
45
Q

Venous Return

A
  • RATE blood flows BACK to the HEART
  • cardiac OUTPUT is DEPENDENT on cardiac INPUT
  • veins DO NOT have the HEART as a pump to help propel blood through its vessels
  • mechanisms that promote venous return include GRAVITY, venous VALVES, and PRESSURE from SMOOTH MUSCLE and contractions of SKELETAL MUSCLE
46
Q

During inhalation, pressure DECREASES in the THORACIC CAVITY and INCREASES in the ABDOMINAL CAVITY

A

Respiratory Pump

47
Q

Pulmonary Circuit

A

REPLENISHES the blood’s oxygen supply and ELIMINATES gaseous wastes

48
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

TRANSPORTS oxygen, nutrients, and hormones from the heart to BODY CELLS

49
Q

LARGEST artery, in DIAMETER, where all systemic arteries branch from

A

Aorta

50
Q

Vena Cavae

A

largest vein in DIAMETER
-SUPERIOR VENA CAVA drains blood from the UPPER HALF of the body
-INFERIOR VENA CAVA drains blood from the LOWER HALF of the body

51
Q

The LONGEST vein in the body is called

A

Great Saphenous Vein

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