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Massage Therapy > Ch 23 Nervous System > Flashcards

Ch 23 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Dendrites

A

Short and narrow extensions of neuron that transmit impulses toward from cell body; dendrites are typically short and narrow extensions of neuron; one neuron may have thousands of dendrites, meaning more connection from other cells

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2
Q

Anatomy of the nervous system

A

Brain, spinal cord, cranial and spinal nerves, sense organs, neurotransmitters

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3
Q

Central nervous system

A

Occupies a central, or a medial position in the body, and includes the brain, spinal cord, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves that begin and end in the brain and spinal cord, but extend be on skull and vertebral column; includes the cranial and spinal nerves

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5
Q

Physiology of nervous system (hint: 4 listed)

A

1) sensory input: sensory nerves, gather information from both outside and inside the body and carry that info to the central nervous system
2) interpretive functions: sensory information is processed or interpreted, in a plan is made/formed
3) motor output: motor nerves carry out, the plans made by the CNS by conveying information/impulses to muscles and glands
4) higher mental functioning/emotional responsiveness: the nervous system is responsible for mental processes (thinking, memory and learning), and emotional responses (joy, fear, sadness, anger)

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6
Q

Neurons and the 3 basic parts

A

(Aka, muscle fiber) Functional unit of the nervous system; transmit impulses; many shapes and sizes

Cell body, dendrite, and axon

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7
Q

Neuroglia

A

(Aka glial cells, glia or “nerve glue”) connective tissue that support, nourish, protect, and insulate neurons; most abundant nerve cells

Hint: glia means “glue”

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8
Q

Astrocytes

A

Star shaped cells present in the blood brain barrier (between blood capillaries and the brain and spinal cord); also anchor or bind blood vessels to nerves for support. They are the most abundant of the glia cells

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9
Q

Mircoglia

Bonus: CNS OR PNS

A

protecting CNS neurons by destroying and removing pathogens, harmful, microorganisms, and cellular debris.

Bonus: CNS

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10
Q

Oligodendrocytes

Bonus: CNS OR PNS

A

Produce myelin sheath in the CNS. They have long and slender processes that come in contact with cell bodies and axons in the CNS. These processes wrap around the axons and form thin sheaths in the region where they come in contact, providing insulation.

Bonus: CNs

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11
Q

Myelinated nerve fibers vs in unmyelinated nerve fibers

A

Myelinated - nerve WITH myelin sheath

Unmyelinated - nerve WITHOUT myelin sheath

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12
Q

Nodes of Raniver (Internodes)

A

The gaps between the strips (between the myelin), that help speed the impulse that travels down its, and the myelin helps insulate the axon from the surrounding interstitial fluid

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13
Q

Ependymal Cells

Bonus: CNS or PNS?

A

Line the brain ventricles as part of the choroids plexus; involved in the formation and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.

Bonus: Only in CNS

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14
Q

Satellite (Ganglionic) Cells

Bonus: CNS OR PNS

A

These cellls surround collections

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15
Q

Schwann Cells (aka neurolemmocytes)

Bonus: CNS or PNS

A

Surround axons and protect them from the surrounding interstitial fluid. ( similar to the oligodendrocytes of the CNS)

Bonus: only PNS

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16
Q

Neurilemma

A

Outer layer of the Schwann cell. It is deep to the endoneurium.

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17
Q

Axon

A

Nerve fiber that transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body; ends can branch off hundreds of a times, creating axon terminals

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18
Q

Sensory functions vs motor functions

A

Sensory - takes info from the environment towards CNS

Motor - takes info from CNS out to muscles and glands

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19
Q

Homeostasis

A

A tendency to maintain a balance, or a constant internal state; the regulation of an aspect of body, chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

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20
Q

Functions of the nervous systems

A
  • sensory input
  • interpretive function
  • motor output
  • mental cognition
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21
Q

Central nervous system

A

Consist of the brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

A subdivision of the peripheral nervous. Enables voluntary actions to be undertaken due to its control of skeletal muscles

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23
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands. Contains two divisions within itself, the sympathetic and parasympathetic

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24
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

Single process that extends from the cell body and usually contains one short axon with multiple dendrites located at one end of the neuron

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25
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

Two processes that extend from the cell body: one axon and one highly branched dendrite

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26
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

Multiple processes, which are usually one axon and many dendrites

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27
Q

Afferent neurons vs Efferent neurons

Bonus: what does S.A.M.E. stand for?

A

Afferent (aka sensory neurons): Transmit sensory information from PNS toward the CNS.

Efferent (aka motor neurons): Transmit impulses from the CNS toward PNS/muscles of glands (effectors)

Bonus:
Sensory neurons are
Afferent neurons and
Motor neurons are
Efferent neurons.

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28
Q

Interneurons

Bonus: where are they located

A

Association neurons; carry information from sensory neurons to motor neurons and participate in integrative functions, which can be thought of as the “decision-making” neurons

Bonus: entirely in brain and spinal cord

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29
Q

Reflex

A

Protective involuntary (automatic) but predictable (reproducible) responses to specific stimuli that uses a reflex arc to exert its action; the response/reaction occurs BEFORE the stimuls reaches CONSCIOUS level (key for rapid adjustments)

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30
Q

Reflex arc

bonus: name 4 parts

A

Single conduction pathway from the beginning of the stimulus to the end of the action

bonus:
1) sensory receptor - free nerve ending or encapsulated that sense changes internally & externally
2) afferent (sensory) neuron - nerve connecting the sensory receptor to spinal cord; info travels from sensor to spinal cord & brain
3) effector (motor) neuron - nerve connecting spinal cord & brain to effector organ (muscle/gland) then takes commands to the organ to produce suitable response
4) effector organ (muscle or gland) - organ taht responds to impulses from the CNS

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31
Q

Nerves vs neurons

A

Nerves: bundles of nerve fibers in the PNS

Neurons: impulse conducting cells and represent the simplest structural unit of the nervous system

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32
Q

Fasciculi

A

Lie in parallel rows and are surrounded by a connective tissue layer called perineurium

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33
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of nerve fibers in the CNS

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34
Q

Depolarization

A

Movement of Na+ inside the cell causes the polarity to reverse, or move from a negative charge to a positive charge

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35
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

(restorative divison) aka craniosacral divison; Controls energy conservation and dominates during periods of rest and under calm conditions; “feed and bread” system

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36
Q

Sympathetic division

A

aka thoracolumbar division; Controls energy expenditure and dominates during physical exertion or emotional stress; “fight or flight system”

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37
Q

Diencephalon

A

Located in the center of the brain, contains the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the pineal gland

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38
Q

Cerebellum

A

A cauliflower shaped structure located posterior and inferior to the cerebrum

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39
Q

Brainstem

A

Continuous with the spinal cord and contains the midbrain, the pond, and the medulla oblongata

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40
Q

Midbrain

A

Conducts nerve impulses from the cerebrum to the pons, and sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the thalamus

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41
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Clear, colorless fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord found in the subarachnoid space

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42
Q

Cranial nerves (yes, all 12)

A

1) olfactory
2) Optic
3) Oculomotor
4) Trocher
5) trigeminal
6) abducens
7) facial
8) auditory/vestibulocochlear
9) glossopharyngeal
10) vagus
11) spinal accessory
12) hypoglossal

Anatomical mnemonics: Oh,Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel A Girls Velvet, So Heavenly

Physiligcal mnemonics: Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More
- S = sensory
- M = motor
- B = Both

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43
Q

Ventral root vs dorsal root

A

Ventral: part of the spinal nerve root where impulses are sent outward to the PNS; composed of motor nerve fibers; all cell bodies of all motor neurons are in CNS

Dorsal: part of the spinal nerve root that receives nerve impulses; sensory nerve fibers travel to the spinal cord & through the dorsal root

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44
Q

Dermatomes

A

Area of the skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root

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45
Q

Myotomes

A

Muscle or groups of muscle interacted by a specific motor nerve

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46
Q

Cervical plexus

A

Group of nerves that stem from the spinal nerves c1,c2,c3,c4

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47
Q

Brachial plexus

A

Group of peripheral nerves that leave the spinal cord and extend from the vertebrae into the shoulder

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48
Q

Lumbosacral plexus

A

Group of nerves that supply the lower limbs

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49
Q

Reflex

A

A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee jerk response

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50
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Specialized cells unique to each sense organ that respond to a particular form of sensory stimulation

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51
Q

Arndt-Schultz Law

A

Weak stimuli excite physiological activity, moderately strong one’s favor it, and strong one’s regard it and very strong one’s arrest it

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52
Q

David’s law

A

Soft tissue will align along the lines of stress that are placed upon it

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53
Q

which part of a neuron cell can regenerate?

A

Denrite and axon; if the cell body is injured, the cell dies

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54
Q

edit: Cell body (soma)

A

contains the nucleus, cytoplasm and organelles normally found in a cell; is essential for life of the cell; cannot regenerate

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55
Q

Ganglia

A

clusters of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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56
Q

What are clusters of cell bodies, found in the CNS with the same function, called?

A

Centers

57
Q

The boundary of a center that can be distinctly made out in anatomic sections of the brain is called _____?

A

Nucleus (nuclei)

58
Q

What heps axons communicate with many other neurons?

A

collaterals

59
Q

Visceral Afferents

A

carry impules from the organs

60
Q

Somatic Afferents

A

carry impules from the skin and skeletal muscles

61
Q

Unipolar neuron

bonus: what type of neurons are unipolar?

A

cell body in this type lies to one side, with a single process leading off from one side of the body

Bonus: sensory

62
Q

Bipolar Neurons

bonus: where can you find them?

A

2 processes extending from either end of the cell body (dendrite and axon)

Bonus: rare type found in retina of the eye

63
Q

Multipolar Neurons

A

the most common type of neuron, with the cell body having several dendrites and one axon; all motor neurons to the skeletal muscle are this type

64
Q

Action potential

A

the electrical signal that conveys information along a nerve

65
Q

Synapse

A

junction, or place, where 2 neurons transmit information

66
Q

Synaptic Bulb

A

aka synaptic knob synaptic button, it is the terminal end of an axon (presynaptic neuron)

67
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

space between the cell membranes

68
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

located on the post synaptic cell

69
Q

Common neurotransmitter that causes muscles to contract when binding to the cell membrane of a muscle cell (sarcolemma)

A

Acetylcholine (ACH)

70
Q

Substance P

A

neurotransmitter that makes pain receptors more sensitive

71
Q

Endorphins and Enkephalins

A

neurotransmitters that make pain receptors less sensitive; natural, morphine-like substances or endogenous (or made in the body)

72
Q

White Matter vs Gray Matter

Bonus: are cell bodies white are gray matter?

A

White: axon or dendrite that is encased in myelin (myelinated fiber)

Gray: cell bodies that are unmyelinated

Bonus: never myelinated so always gray matter

73
Q

Meninges and name each layer (clue: P.A.D)

A

3 layered pad deep inside bone that protects the brain and spinal cord
- Dura mater: the TIHCK, tough, DURABLE OUTERMOST layer, lining the inside of the vertebrae (vertebral foreman) and SKULL
- Arachnoid mater: mean, spider like, and is the middle layer
- Pia mater: the inner most layer, and mean soft or gentle mother; thin membrane containing alot of blood vessels; lies directly (and delicately) over the brain and spinal cord

74
Q

4 main parts of the brain

A

1) cerebrum - largest part; divided into 2 hemispheres (right & left), which have 4 major lobes
2) cerebellum - second largest part
3) brain stem - divided into 3 parts (midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata “vital centers”)

75
Q

Diencephalon and the functions of both parts?

A

contains the thalamus and the hypothalamus; beneath the cerebrum, and above the brainstem

Thalamus - a relay structure and processing center for most sensory information going to the cerebrum; makes you aware of sensation with “hints” and then directs the info to specific parts of cortex

Hypothalamus - integrating system for the autonomic nervous system; “mind body” connection; regulates, temperature, water, balance, sex, thirst, appetite, and some emotions (pleasure and fear); regulates the pituitary gland, and has an endocrine function

76
Q

Cerebrum

Bonus: what is the outer part called?

A

folded into elevations (aka convolutions, gyri or folds) that resemble speed bumps on a road (or a towel folded several times)

Bonus: CORTEX of the brain (grey on the outside, mostly white on the inside)

77
Q

Sulci vs Gyri

A

Sulci: shallow grooves or indentations that separate gyri

Gyri: the folded part of the brain

If gyri is a rainbow, then Sulci is a gorge

78
Q

Hemispheres

A

Divided into left and right halves of the cerebrum; separated by the longitudinal fissure

79
Q

Corpus callosum

Bonus: what are the fibers that interconnect these hemispheres called?

A

Bands of white matter that form a large FIBER TRACT, which connects to the left and right hemispheres

Bonus: commissural fibers

80
Q

4 main lobes of the brain and what are they separated by?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital; separated by sulci and fissures

81
Q

Central sulcus

A

Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe in each hemisphere; between precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus

82
Q

Precentral gyrus vs postcentral gyrus

A

Pre: Plays a role in motor functions and is known as the motor cortex or primary motor cortex

Post: Plays a sensory, or somatosensory role, and is known as the sensory cortex

83
Q

Cerebellum

A

Smooth it out and coordinates voluntary muscle activity, as well as help in the maintenance of balance and muscle tone

84
Q

Tract vs nerves

A

Tract: Bundles of axons and dendrites in the CNS

Nerves: bundles axons and dendrites in PNS

85
Q

Midbrain

A

Relays sensory and motor information and is associated with visual reflexes

86
Q

Pons

A

Relays sensory and motor information and plays a role in respiration

87
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

“vital centers“ because they control heart rate, blood flow, blood pressure, and respiration; also a reflex enter for coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting

88
Q

Ventricles

A

Fluid filled spaces in the brain; there are four of them, and they are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

89
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

The space between the arachnoid layer and the pia mater

90
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Formed from the blood within the ventricles of the brain by a structure, called the choroid plexus

91
Q

Spinal cord

A

It is a tuberlike structure, located within the spinal/vertebral cavity (part of the dorsal cavity)

92
Q

Conus Medullarius

A

The lower end of the spinal cord, which becomes cortisol and tapers to a cone shape

93
Q

Filum terminale

A

A thin fibrous tissue extends from the tip of the conus medullarius (end of the cord) to the sacral region; gives longitudinal support to spinal cord

94
Q

What does the inside of your spinal cord look like?

A

Grey matter (or not mylienated) is located centrally, and is shaped like a butterfly, bat, or the letter H
- mostly cell bodies and interneurons
- two projections of the Grey Matter: the dorsal (posterior) horn and the ventral (anterior) horn
- center of gray matter is the central canal: opening or hole that extend the entire length of the spinal cord so CSF flows from ventricles of brain DOWN central canal to SUBRARACHNOID SPACES
White matter on the outside, which is composed of myelinated axons

95
Q

Pyramidal Tract

A

aka corticospinal (cortex & spine); MAJOR MOTOR TRACT, originating in the FRONTAL LOBE of the CEREBRUM

96
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sensory nerves located?

A

just outside of the spinal cord, where they enter in the dorsal root ganglia

97
Q

Functions of the Spinal Cord

A

1) acts as a major reflex center (able to quickly and automatically withdraw from sources of injury; ex stepping on a lego)
2) serves as a sensory pathway (pathway for sensory infor traveling from PNS to the brian
3) serves as a motor pathway (pathway for motor info coming from brain into PNS)

98
Q

Cauda Equina (clue: Horse’s tail)

A

where the spinal cord ends; the lumbar and sacral nerves at the bottom of the spinal cord; extends entire length of the spinal cavitty before exiting from the vertebral column

99
Q

Somatic reflexes vs autonomic reflexes

A

Somatic - reflexes associated with skeletal muscles and are voluntary

Autonomic - reflexes associated with cardiac or smooth muscle and are involuntary

100
Q

When a stretch reflex occurs, the muscles that antagonize the action of the muscle must relax. This is initiated by a simultaneous inhibition of the nerve to the antagonist’s muscle

A

What is reciprocal innervation?

101
Q

Tendon reflex

A

aka inverse stretch reflex; monitored by the golgi tendon organs, which are proprioceptors located in the tendon or musculotendinous junction that monitor muscle tension

102
Q

Flexor (withdrawl) reflex

A

protective reflex which takes priority over all reflexes occurring simultaneously

103
Q

Pupillary Reflex

A

regulates the amount of light that enters the eye (when a bright light is directed at the eye, the muscles that control papillary size CONSTRICT)

104
Q

Baroceptor Reflex

A

causes the HEART and BLOOD VESSELS to respond in a way that RESTORES BLOOD PRESSURE TO NORMAL

105
Q

Autonomic reflexs

A

respond with the autonomic nervous system which involve involuntary responses
- micturition reflex: urination
- defecation reflex: bowel movements
- swalllowing reflex: swallowing food and drink

106
Q

Autonomic reflexs

A

respond with the autonomic nervous system which involve involuntary responses
- micturition reflex: urination
- defecation reflex: bowel movements
- swalllowing reflex: swallowing food and drink

107
Q

Nerves that attach to the spinal cord are called ____

A

spinal nerves

108
Q

Nerves attached to your brain or brain stem are called ___

A

cranial nerves

109
Q

Mixed Nerve

A

a nerve that contains both sensory and motor nerves/fibers; all spinal nerves are mixed

110
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

31 pairs; 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

111
Q

Sciatic Nerve

A

largest nerve; combo of common of common peroneal and tibial nerves

112
Q

Phrenic Nerve

A

innervates diaphragm and controls breathing

113
Q

Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

A

(aka paravertebral ganglia, meaning next to the vertebra) collection of cell bodies of sympathetic motor neurons; it lies just outside of the vertebra, on each side of the vertebra

114
Q

Layers of a nerve cell (superficial to deep)

A

1) epineurium - connective tissue membrane that COVERS the whole nerve
2) perineurium - connective tissue membrane that WRAPS bundles of nerve cells called fascicles
3) endoneurium - connective tissue membrane that wraps individual nerve fibers or cells (outside of the cell membrane)

115
Q

Vagus nerve

A

10th cranial nerve which innervates most of the organs in the ventral cavity

116
Q

Nerve Plexus

A

an interlocking network of nerves; fibers converge and merge, then divide, then come together and converge again

117
Q

cervical plexus

A

responsible for muscles and skin of the neck and shoulder

118
Q

brachial plexus

A

formed by ventral rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1; controls everything from shoulders to hand

119
Q

Lumbosacral plexus

A

innervates the skin and muscles of the lower torso and lower extremities; formed by spinal nerves T12 to S4

120
Q

Impingement of Lumbar Plexus

A

result of a spasm of quadratus lumborum and PSOAS, and shortening of the lumbar dorsal fascia

121
Q

Impingement of Sciatic Nerve

A

often result of the piriformis or shortening of the ligaments that stabilize the sacroiliac joint

122
Q

Impingement and the 2 types

A

broad term for any type of pressure on a nerve

1) compression - pressure on a nerve by hard tissue (like a bone)
2) entrapment - pressure on a nerve by softtissue (like skin, muscle, tendon, ligament, and fascia)

123
Q

Dermatome

A

area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve; region of body wall supplied by the cutaneous branches of a single pair of spinal nerves

124
Q

Sensory Receptor (Transducer)

A

converts different forms of energy into action potentials; a structure that receives a stimulus and changes that stimulus into a nerve impulse that travels along a sensory neuron

125
Q

Sense organs

A

when the ends of sensory nerves are surrounded by non-neural cells that produce action potentials in the neuron (nose, ears, tongue)

126
Q

Adequate Stimulus

A

particular form of energy to which the receptor responds

127
Q

Classification of Receptors

A
  • the origin of stimulus (near or far away)
  • type of adequate stimulus (touch, sound)
  • threshold of stimulus for perception (low, high)
  • rate of adaption (fast, slow)

anatomic structure (free nerve endings): type of sensory information they deliver to the brain (proprioceptors, nociceptors)

128
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

stimulated by a change in the chemical composition of the environment, or by changes in the chemical concentration of substances (includes TASTE AND SMELL)

129
Q

Exteroceptors vs Interoceptors

A

Extero - any receptor concerned with near at hand, but in the external environment, like those in the skin and mucous membranes

Intero - receptors concerned with the internal environment, they are located in and transmit information from the viscera

130
Q

Nociceptors

A

pain receptors often stimulated by noxious of damaging stimuli and are stimulated by various kinds of tissue injury

131
Q

Proprioceptors

A

provide information about the body position in space at any given instant

132
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

provides information about muscle length and can set muscle length

133
Q

Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)

A

provides information about muscle tension

134
Q

Joint kinesthetic receptors

A

provide information about joint position and movement

135
Q

Stretch Receptors

A
  • Found in lungs (to measure inflation), in the stomach and bladder
  • in the walls of great veins to measure venous pressure
  • also in the aortic arch and carotid sinus to measure arterial blood pressure
136
Q

Cutaneous Receptors and 4 types of sutaneous sensations

A
  • nerve endings on the skin
  • some are free nerve endings, some have a capsule around them, and others have expanded tips of nerve endings

1) touch/ pressure
2) warmth
3) cold
4) pain
and sometimes ITCH

137
Q

Touch Receptors

A
  • present over the entire body
  • more numerous in the skin of the fingers and lips, with relatively FEW receptors in the skin of the trunk
138
Q

Temperature Receptors

A

two types:
1) warmth responds maximally to temps slightly above body temperature
2) cold responds to temps slightly below body temperature

139
Q

Major Nerves in the Body (name 8)

A

1) radial
2) ulnar
3) median
4) sciatic
5) vagus
6) femoral
7) tibial
8) peroneal

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