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Massage Therapy > Ch20 Muscular System > Flashcards

Ch20 Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Myology

A

Study of muscular system

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2
Q

What causes the movement of muscles?

A

Skeletal muscles contract to pull on bones, producing movement.

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3
Q

Posture Maintenance

A

Posture refers to body positions maintained by muscle contractions; examples are standing and sitting

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4
Q

How can muscles produce heat?

Bonus: what kind of muscles are the most metabolically active?

A

Muscle contractions produce heat.

Skeletal muscles; produce a significant amount of heat.

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5
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

(Aka dynamic contractions) muscle contracts and the joint angle it controls increases and decreases while the muscle either shortens or lengthens (being able to move a weight back and forth)

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6
Q

Centric vs Eccentric muscle contraction

A

Concentric = when muscle shortens

Eccentric = when muscle lengthens

Both serve to control movements and protect joints

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7
Q

Thin filaments

A

Thin filaments are made of three main proteins (Actin, tropomyosin, and troponins), and are attached to Z lines at the end of sarcomeres, with the intention to extend partway towards the sarcomere center

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8
Q

Actin

A

Twisted, double strand of “beaded” molecules that act as binding sites for myosin

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9
Q

Troponin vs tropomyosin

A

Both tropomyosin and troponins are accessory proteins on the thin myofilaments, but troponins acts like nails to tropomyosin and tropomyosin does most of the work to keep actin away from its binding sites

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10
Q

Myosin

A

“Thick myofilament located in center of sarcomere.”

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11
Q

Sacromeres

A

Basic unit of muscle contraction; bundle of myofilaments

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12
Q

Myofibrils

A

Slender strands within muscle fibers that contain sarcomeres.

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13
Q

Muscle excitability

A

Muscles ability to respond to stimuli

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14
Q

Muscle contractions

A

The generation of tension in muscle fibers through cross bridging, or connection, between action and myosin filaments

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15
Q

Tendons vs aponeurosis

A

Tendon - Cordlike structure that anchors muscles to bones. (Connect muscle to bone)
Aponeurosis -Broad, flat tendon that attaches muscle to bone, muscle to other muscle, or muscle to skin.

Difference is in their shape

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16
Q

Retinacula

A

“bands of connective tissues that act like bracelets to stabilize tendons and keep them in place; they also function as pulleys for tendons.”

Bonus: primarily around the elbows, knees, ankles, and wrists

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17
Q

Muscle fibers

A

Muscle cells are also known as muscle fibers because they’re distinct thread like shape, and they run the length of the muscle

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18
Q

Superficial fascia VS deep fascia

A

Superficial fascia - surrounds body region muscles

Deep fascia - extends from superficial, creating partitions and compartments between individual muscles

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19
Q

Insertions VS origins

A

Insertions - tendinous attachment on the bone; more movable during contraction; usually more lateral/distal compared with origins

Origins - tendinous attachment on a bone; more stable/less movable during contractions; usually more medial or more proximal compared to insertion

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20
Q

Motor end plate

A

Folded sections of sarcolemma (muscle fiber membrane)

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21
Q

Posture

A

Position of body over base of support, maintain by muscle contractions

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22
Q

Muscle tone

A

Continued partial contraction of skeletal muscles; also called tonus

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23
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Covering of muscle fiber; equivalent to a cell membrane in a typical cell

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24
Q

Acetylcholine (ACH)

A

Principal neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction

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25
Q

Synaptic gap (synapse)

A

Space occupying neuromuscular junction; where acetylcholine from synaptic vesicles cross, and connects receptors on motor end plate to propagate stimulus

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26
Q

Type 1 muscle vs type 2 muscle

A

Type 1: muscle fibers that contain large amounts of myoglobin and mitochondria; red muscles

Type 2: muscle fibers that have fewer myoglobin, mitochondria, and blood capillaries compared to type one fibers; white muscles

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27
Q

Motor unit

A

Single motor neuron, and all muscle fibers to which it attaches

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28
Q

Axon

A

Portion of a nerve cell neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body

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29
Q

Myelin sheaths

A

An insulation layer or sheath, that forms around nerves

30
Q

Main sources of energy for muscle contractions

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and calcium

31
Q

Recruitment

A

Process of recruiting motor units to preform a given take; activation based on need

32
Q

Pennate

A

Muscle fibers arranged with a central tendon and muscle fibers emerging diagonally, giving them a feather like appearance; types are unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate

33
Q

Unipennate, bipennate, and multipennate muscles

A

Unipennate - fibers coming off one side of a tendon (ex. flexor pollicis longus in forearm)

Bipennate - fibers arranged on both sides of a tendon (ex. rectus femoris in thigh)

Multipennate - several tendon branches within the muscle, with fibers running diagonally between them (ex. deltoid and subscapularis in the shoulder)

34
Q

Isometric contraction

Bonus: what do isometric contractions often occur in?

A

(Aka static contraction) muscle contracts, but the joint it controls does not move (being able to hold a weight but not move it)

Bonus: fixators or stabilizers that stabilize joints so primary muscles can perform the desired action

35
Q

Class 1 lever

A

Levers when fulcrum is position between load and pull, like a seesaw or pair of scissors (L-F-P)

Ex. Tilting your head up (Load = weight of skull, Fulcrum = joint between first vertebra and skull, Pull = posterior neck muscles

36
Q

Class 2 lever

A

Levers where pull is at one end, load in middle, and a fulcrum at opposite end, like a wheelbarrow (PLF)

Ex. Tippy toes (Pull = calf muscles, Load = weight of body, Fulcrum = joints between foot and toes)

37
Q

Class 3 levers

A

Levers where load is at one end, pull in the middle, and fulcrum at opposite end like a shovel (LPF)

Ex. Bending the elbow during a bicep curl (Load = weight of the barbell, Pull = biceps, Fulcrum = elbow joint)

38
Q

The three parts to muscle lever system

A

1) load (L) - the weight of the body or object being moved
2) pull (P) - the effort or muscle contraction needed to move the bone or lever
3) fulcrum (F) - the joint

39
Q

Antagonists

A

Muscles that lengthen while prime movers and synergists contract produce the desired action. Antagonist usually lie on opposite sides of the moving joints and perform opposing actions to prime movers.

40
Q

Agonist

A

(Aka prime movers) muscles causing specific or desired movement; movements produced by prime movers describe muscles action

41
Q

Sarcomeres bands, lines and zones

A
  • I band= combo of thin filaments and Z line
  • H zone= center of sarcomere, only thick filament
  • A band = entire length of thick filament and includes H zone
  • Z line = Borders of each sarcomere
42
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

System of interconnected hollow tubes filled with fluid rich in calcium ions; equivalent of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and typical cells

43
Q

Endomyosin

A

Connective tissue layer surrounding individual muscle fibers; overlays the sarcolemma (cell membrane)

44
Q

Fasciculi

A

Bundles of muscle fibers or nerve fibers

45
Q

Perimysium vs epimysium

A

Perimysium - connective tissue that holds fascicle

Epimysium - connected tissue that surrounds groups of fasciculi

46
Q

Muscles

A

Groups of fasciculi surrounded by a layer of connective tissue (epimysium)

47
Q

Functional reversibility

A

Occurs when muscles reverse the relationship between attachment sites and muscle origins move toward their insertions.

48
Q

What is the progression of muscular structures, marco to micro?

A

1) muscle
2) fascicle
3) muscle fiber
4) myofibril
5) sarcomere
6) myofilaments

49
Q

4 muscle fiber properties

A

1) Excitation - when motor neurons stimulate muscle fibers
2) contraction - fibers cross bridging between actin and myosin filaments (sliding filament model)
3) extensibility - fibers can be stretched
4) elasticity - return of fibers precontration state

50
Q

Neuromuscular junction and it’s 3 parts

A

The intersection between a motor neuron and muscular fibers

1) motor end plate
2) the terminal end of the motor neuron
3) synaptic gap

51
Q

Motor neuron

A

Neuron responsible for sending impulses to stimulate muscle fiber contractions, or glandular secretion

52
Q

All or none law

A

Law that states when individual muscle fiber receives a stimulus to contract, it will contract to its fullest ability or will not contract at all

53
Q

3 main sources of energy for muscle contraction

A

ATP, glucose and oxygen

54
Q

Myoglobin

Bonus: why is myoglobin helpful during prolonged physical activity?

A

myoglobin stores oxygen
- Red respiratory pigment in muscle cells, similar to hemoglobin in red blood cells

Bonus: when oxygen decreases rapidly, it’s quickly replenished with myoglobin

55
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis

A
  • not using oxygen
  • about 2 ATP molecules
  • up to 60 seconds long
  • finish’s with lactic acid, which can diffuse with blood, travel back to the liver and become glucose again
56
Q

Aerobic Glycolysis

A
  • oxygen is used to produce energy
  • 36 ATP molecules
  • lasts as long as oxygen is available
  • with oxygen, carbon dioxide is kicked out by fibers, thanks to mitochondrial cellular respiration
57
Q

Muscle fatigue

A

The decline in ability of a muscle to generate force; occurs when muscles run out of ATP, glucose, or oxygen and nerve impulses can no longer be generated

58
Q

Slow twitch muscles

A

Muscles that contract more slowly for longer periods, and they take longer to fatigue. Type one or red muscles are also classified as slow switch muscles.

“Marathon running muscles”

59
Q

Fast twitch muscle

A

Muscles that contracts, more quickly, for shorter periods of time, and fatigue, faster compared with slow twitch muscle. Type two or white muscles are also classified as fast twitch.

“Sprinter muscles”

60
Q

Transverse tubules (T tubules)

A

Indentations that extend transversely across Sarcoplasmic reticulum at right angles to length of cell; position allows impulses to travel deep into cells during muscle contraction

Aka the “phone line to sarcomeres”

61
Q

Parallel muscles, or Fusiform

A

Parallel muscles have their fibers arranged along the long axis of bone and are usually tapered at both ends or are spindle-shaped. Most skeletal muscles have parallel fibrous.

Ex. Sartorius of the thigh

62
Q

Convergent muscles

A

Convergent muscles have fibers joining at one end with fiber, spreading out like a fan at the other. They have a triangular, shape and pole in several directions instead of one.

Ex. Pectoralis major in the chest

63
Q

Spiral muscles

A

Spiral muscles twist between there points of attachment.

Ex. Latissimus dorsi in the lower back.

64
Q

Circular muscles

A

Circular muscles have a rounded fiber attachment

Ex. Orbicularis Otis around the mouth

65
Q

Prime movers (agonists)

A

Muscles causing specific or desired movement; movements produced by prime movers describe muscle actions

Ex. Brachialis is the prime mover for elbow flexion

66
Q

Synergists

A

Muscles that facilitate movement caused by prime movers by performing same movement at the same time. Synergists tend to be next to prime movers and small in size

Ex. Pronator teres is a Synergists to biceps brachialis

67
Q

Fixators or stabilizers

A

Fixators are specialized synergists that stabilize joints or help maintain posture, so prime movers can exert their action

Ex. Deltoid stabilizing the shoulder so biceps brachii can flex the elbow

68
Q

Uniarticular, biarticular, and multiarticular muscles

A

Uniarticular - crosses only one joint (ex. deltoid crossing the shoulder joint)

Biarticular - crosses two joints (ex. rectus femoris, which crosses the hip and the knee joints)

Multiarticular - crosses three or more joints (transversospinalis and the erector spinae groups which cross multiple vertebral joints)

69
Q

De Quervain tenosynovitis and possible causes

A

Inflammation of the tendon sheaths located on the radial side of the wrist

  • repeated motion injury
  • sustained weight bearing while in static position
  • direct injury / inflammatory joint disease
70
Q

Massage therapy and De Quervain Tenosynovitis

A

Acute inflammation = localized contraindication
- once inflammation subsides, light effleurage and friction, gradually increasing pressure to clients pain tolerance level. Avoid overstretching.

Massage Therapy (15 decks)

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