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Massage Therapy > Ch 19 Skeletal System > Flashcards

Ch 19 Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Diaphysis

A

Cylindrical shaft of the long bone

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2
Q

Nutrient foramen (foramina, plural)

A

An opening in a bone that gives passage to blood vessels

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3
Q

Where are blood cells produced and what is the blood production process called?

A

Red marrow of bones ; hematopoiesis

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4
Q

Sesamoid bones

Bonus: where are they usually found

A

Round, usually small, bones embedded in tendons

Bonus: usually found in knee (patella), hands and feet

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5
Q

Arthrosis

A

Another word for joint

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6
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Bone destroying cells that help dissolve bone and its minerals, especially calcium and phosphate

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7
Q

Joint capsule

A

Double layered joint “sleeve” structure with a rich blood supply; outer layer of capsule is fibrous, and inner layer of capsule is lined with synovial membranes that secrete synovial fluid

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8
Q

Ligaments

A

Unite articulating bones, which strengthens the joint

Connect bone to bone

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9
Q

Articulate cartilage and it’s purpose

Bonus: what type of cartilage is present here?

A

Covers the articulating surfaces of the bone (or the epiphyses) to decrease friction during movement and increase shock absorption

Bonus: hyaline

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10
Q

Labrum

A

A ring of fibrocartilage around the edge of the articular cartilage to increase its surface area

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11
Q

Epiphyses

A

Two end of a long bone

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12
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Aka growth plate, is hyaline cartilage found near the ends of growing bone, allowing them to increase in length

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13
Q

Menisci

A

Fibrocartilage disks located in select joints, such as knees and jaw; helps joint to move smoothly and serves as a shock absorber

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14
Q

Fat pad

A

Structures that protect articular cartilage and act as packaging material to fill spaces that occur as the joint cavity changes shape during movement

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15
Q

Bursae

A

Flattened, saclike structures located between ligaments and bones within joints; contain synovial fluid; bursae provide cushion that prevent muscle tendons from rubbing against bones during contraction

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16
Q

Synovial Sheaths

A

Elongated bursae that surround long tendons located in forearms, legs, wrists, ankles, hands, and feet; these tubular structures are lined with synovial membranes to increase their gliding capacity

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17
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone forming cells that fill small cavities left by osteoclasts

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18
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cell

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19
Q

Periosteum

A

Dense, fibers sheath surrounding diaphysis and is noticeably absent on epiphyses; periosteum is bone’s life support system, containing blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and osteoblast for growth and fracture healing

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20
Q

Interosseous membrane or interosseous ligament

Bonus: what two main places is this structure found?

A

Provides additional muscle attachment sides and divides muscles into compartments; extensions of the periosteum

Bonus: forearms and legs

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21
Q

Adduction vs abduction

A

Adduction - Movement toward the midline of the body

Abduction - movement away from the midline of the body

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22
Q

Horizontal adduction

A

Shoulder or hip moves the extremity toward the midline in the horizontal plane

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23
Q

Opposition vs reposition

A

Opposition - Adduction of the thumb moves in toward the other fingers or in contact with the pad of any finger on the same hand

Reposition - returning the thumb to its anatomical position next to the index finger

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24
Q

Ulnar deviation vs radial deviation

A

Ulnar - (aka wrist adduction) occurs as the hand moves toward the midline of the body in anatomical position

Radial - (aka wrist abduction) occurs as the hand moves away from the midline of the body in anatomical position

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25
Q

Appendicular skeleton bones

A

Bones of the shoulder and pelvic girdle’s and bones of the upper and lower extremities; 126 named bones in appendicular skeleton

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26
Q

Shoulder girdle bones

A

Four bones in the shoulder pectoral girdle: two scapula and two clavicles

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27
Q

Upper extremity bones

A

60 Bones in total: 2 humeri, 2 ulni, 2 radii, 16 carpals, 10 metacarpals, 28 phalanges

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28
Q

Which part of the appendicular skeleton contain sesamoid bones?

A

Hands and feet

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29
Q

Pelvic Girdle bones

A

2 ilium bones, 2 ischium bones, and 2 pubic bones

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30
Q

Lower extremity bones

A

Two femurs, two patellae, two tibias, two fibulas, 14 tarsals, 10 metatarsals, and 28 phalanges

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31
Q

Axial skeleton bones

A

Consists of 80 named bones located along the skeletons central axis and includes the skull, vertebral column, sternum, and the ribs

32
Q

Skull bones

A

8 cranial, 14 facial, 6 ear ossicles in ear canal, 1 hyoid and small sutural bones

33
Q

Vertebral column bones

A

7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 1 sacrum and 1 coccyx

34
Q

Sternum bone

A

manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.

35
Q

Rib bones

A

24 individual or 12 pairs of ribs

36
Q

Uniaxial joint

Bonus: types of uniaxial joints?

A

Move around, only one access, and in only one plane

Bonus: hinge and pivot

37
Q

Hinge joints and the movements

A

Uniaxial; flexion and extension

ex. the elbow (humeroulnar and humeroradial joints) and ankle (talocrural joint)

38
Q

Pivot joints and the movements

A

Uniaxial and rotation

Ex. Atlantoaxial joint and distal radioulnar joint

39
Q

Biaxial joints and 2 types

A

Movements around two perpendicular axis, and two perpendicular planes

Types: saddle and condyloid (or ellipsoidal)

40
Q

Saddle joints and it’s movements

A

Biaxial; flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, opposition/reposition and circumduction (basically, everything but rotation👀…. Only in thumbs)

Ex. First carpometacarpal joint

41
Q

Condyloid/ ellipsoidal joints and it’s movements

A

Biaxial; flexion/ extension, abduction/adduction

Ex. Atlantooccipital joint and radiocarpal joints

42
Q

Multiaxial joints and the types

A

Movement around three axis, and in three planes

Types: ball & socket and gliding

43
Q

Gliding joints and it’s movements

A

Multiaxial; flexion/ extension, inversion/ eversion, and lateral flexion and rotation of the vertebral column

Ex. Intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints and facet joints

44
Q

Ball and socket joint and it’s movements

A

Multiaxial; flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, and rotation

Ex. Acetabulofemoral joints and glenohumeral joint

45
Q

Functional classification of joints

A

Divide joints into synarthrotic, amphiarthrotic, and diarthrotic (depending on the joints movement capacity)

46
Q

Synarthrotic Joints and what other kind of joint do they resemble.

A
  • Movement not permitted or extremely limited under normal conditions
  • common in axial skeleton
  • ex. Skull (sutures) and teeth sockets (gomphoses)
  • fibrous joints
47
Q

Amphiarthrotic joints and what other kind of joint do they resemble?

A
  • slightly movable joints
  • Common in the axial skeleton
  • ex. Intervertebral joints and symphysis pubis.
  • cartilaginous joints
48
Q

Diarthrotic joints and what other kind of joint do they resemble?

A
  • freely, movable joints
  • Common in the appendicular skeleton
  • ex. Glenohumeral joint and acetabulofemoral joints
  • synovial joints
49
Q

Flexion vs extension

A

Flexion - Bending a joint so the angle between bones decrease

Extension - straightening a joint so the angle between bones increases

50
Q

Hyperextension

A

Overextending the joint beyond its normal straighten position (ex. moving the head back to look upward)

51
Q

Plantar flexion vs Dorsiflexion

A

Plantar flexion - Movement of the ankle so the foot moves inferiorly toward the plantar surface or bottom of the foot (the toes are pointing downward)

Dorsiflexion - movement of the ankle as a foot move superiorly in the direction of the dorsum of the foot (toes are moving toward the shin or leg bones)

52
Q

Medullary cavity

A

Hollow space within the diaphysis filled with red and yellow bone marrow

53
Q

Structural classification of joints

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial, depending on the anatomic structures, within the joint, and the absence or presence of a joint capsule

54
Q

Fibrous joint and what other joint type do they resemble

A
  • joined by dense fibrous connective tissue and do not have a joint capsule
  • example: sutures in the skull
  • Fibrous joints, resemble synarthrotic joints
55
Q

Cartilaginous joints and what other joint do they resemble?

A
  • joined by cartilage, either fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage, and does not have a joint capsule
  • Allows more movement than fibrous joints, but less than synovial
  • Example: pubic symphysis
  • Resembles amphiarthrotic joints
56
Q

Synovial joints and what other joint do they resemble?

A
  • enclosed by a dense, fibrous joint capsule
  • Synovial cavity
  • most movable joints in the body
  • Resemble diarthrotic joints
57
Q

Side to side movements of the jaw or mandible is called what? (bonus if you get both names)

A

Excursions or lateral deviation

58
Q

Lateral excursion vs medial excursion

A

Lateral - moves the jaw away from the midline

Medial - returned the job to the midlife position

59
Q

Protraction VS retraction

A

Protraction - scapula or mandible movement in an anterior or forward direction (protrusion)

Retraction - scapula or mandible movement in and posterior or backward direction (retrusion)

60
Q

Crepitus

A

Painless noise cause by joint movements

61
Q

Circumduction

A

Circular or conical movement in which one end of the body is relatively fixed and the other end moves in a circle

62
Q

Rotation

A

When a bone pivots or rotated around it’s own central axis

63
Q

Upward rotation vs downward rotation

A

Upward - When the glenoid cavity moves upward; also called superior rotation

Downward - when the glenoid cavity moves downward; also called inferiorly

64
Q

Supination vs pronation

A

Supination - lateral rotation in which the bones of the forearm are in a parallel position and the palms face anteriorly in the anatomic position

Pronation - medial rotation in which the bones of the forearm cross to form an X and the palms face posteriorly in the anatomic position

65
Q

Inversion vs Eversion

A

Inversion - turning the foot inward so the bottom of the foot faces the midline

Eversion - turning the foot outward so the bottom of the foot faces away from the midline of the body

66
Q

Elevation vs Depression

A

Elevation - superior or upward movement, essentially raising or lifting the shoulder or jaw

Depression - inferior or downward movement, essentially lowering or dropping the shoulder or jaw

67
Q

Functions of the skeletal system

A

1) support for the body
2) protects internal organs
3) movement occurs as muscles pull on (and reposition) during contractions
4) blood cell production (hematopoiesis)
5) fat storage in yellow bone marrow
6) mineral storage (phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, & mineral compounds)

68
Q

Compact bone

A

The hard outer shell of bone and constitutes approx. 80% of the total adult bone mass

69
Q

Sponge bone

A

Cancellous bone, constitutes approx. 20% of the total bone mass and is lighter and less dense than compact bones

70
Q

Ossification

A

Aka. Osteogenesis, is the process of bone tissue development by osteoblasts

71
Q

Intramembranous ossification vs endochondral ossification

A

Intramembranous - bone development from membranes such as in flat bones of the skull

Endochondral - bone development from cartilage

72
Q

Bone remodeling

A

Process of bone destruction by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts

73
Q

Adhesive Capsulitis and massage treatment

A

Inflammation of shoulder and its capsule; shoulder eventually becomes stiff or frozen

Treatment: move, compress, elevate (MCE). compression and elevation helps control swelling and won’t interfere with inflammatory process

74
Q

Tendons vs ligaments

A

Tendons connect muscle to bone

Ligaments connect bone to muscle

75
Q

Spur

A

A spiked object protruding from a bone; also called a calcar or a goad

Massage Therapy (15 decks)

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