Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Massage Therapy > Ch 18 Intro To Anatomy > Flashcards

Ch 18 Intro To Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

a smallest structural and functional unit that exist as a self-sustaining entity

“building blocks of the human body”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cell Membrane (plasma membrane)

A

the exchange of nutrients and waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

provides cellular nutrition and supports organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Organelles

A

maintenance and functions of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

hint: 4 main roles

A

synthesizes proteins and lipids; metabolizes carbohydrates and steroids; regulates calcium concentration; protein transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein factories, synthesizes proteins

instructions come from nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Golgi Body

A

Packaging and shipping plant of the cell. Synthesizes, proteins and lipids and packages them for delivery outside the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mitochondria

A

Power plant on the cell. Site of cellular respiration; provides most of cells ATP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lysosome

A

Garbage disposal of the sewer. Engulfs, destroys, and digests pathogens and cellular debris.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nucleus

A

The control center of the cell. Directs most metabolic activities, including growth, and reproduction; contains DNA and RNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Transport Processes

A

Enable the cells to carry out a variety of functions for survival to move substances where they needed, including across the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of microfilaments and microtubules that serves as scaffolding material to provide an internal structure to the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mircovilli

A

Finger like projections on the lining of the lower gastrointestinal tract to help increase its surface area, which provides absorption in nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cilia

A

Hair like projections on the lining of the upper respiratory tract to help sweep mucus toward the throat, so It could be swallowed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Extra cellular matrix (ECM)

A

A dynamic, physiologically, active component of all our tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Collagen

A

A fibrous protein that’s the main component of the ECM. Collagen is a strong, rope like molecule that forms stretch resistant fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Elastin

A

Another fibrous protein in the ECM, is abundant in artery walls. As its name indicates, elastin confers elasticity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Passive process (passive transport)

A

Do not require energy or activity of the cell membrane. Molecules move because of differences in concentration, pressure, or temperature.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration to equalize concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water across a cell membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration to equalize the fluid concentration on both sides of the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Filtration

A

The movement of water and molecules across a membrane due to pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Active process (active transport)

A

Do require the cell to expand energy to help move molecules across its membrane. Molecules move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Transport by pumps

A

A type of active transport that are carrier molecules located within the cell membrane. Because of their location, carrier molecules are also called membrane pumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Transport by Vesicles

A

Small spherical sacs help import and export various substances. The two main transport processes that use vesicle Transport are endocytosis and exocytosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Endocytosis

A

Involves moving substances inside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Exocytosis

A

Involves moving substances outside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Aka cell eating. A piece of the cell membrane is wrapped around large molecules, and they are drawn inside the cell. Once inside, the vesicle fuses with a lysosome, which proceeds to coat it with digestive enzymes, and digests it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Aka cell drinking. The process is almost identical to phagocytosis except the targeted substance is liquid. Pinocytosis cells are more common then phagocytosis cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Mitosis

A

Essentially a duplication process: it provides to genetically identical “daughter cells” from a single “parent cell”

Centrioles help cells divide. Without this element, it would be impossible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Meiosis

A

Shuffle is the genetic debt, generating daughter cells that distinct from one another and form the original parents out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

I.P.M.A.T. (reference to mitosis)

A

Each phase, chromosomes are…
Interphase - duplication
Prophase - condense & visible
Metaphase - aligned in the middle
Anaphase - apart into 2 groups
Telophase - each surrounded by membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of similar cells that act together to perform specific functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers external and internal structures, such as the skin and blood vessels, and lines, open and close body cavities. This tissue provides functions of protection, absorption, secretion, excretion, and sensation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Forms the framework for organs and glands, and for the body as a whole. This tissue provides transportation and defense, as well as connects and supports other tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Located in hollow internal organs and tubes, and is attached to bones. This tissue provides movement, posture, maintenance, and heat protection. 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. This tissue interprets sensory information and coordinates bodily processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

Found in extra cellular spaces between tissues. This fluid is primarily water and contain substances, such as salts, sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, hormones, and neurotransmitters.

38
Q

Fibrous connective tissue

A

The packing material of the body. It’s a fort structures, attaches them to each other, filled in spaces between structures, and helps keep them in their proper place

Supports protects, and holds structures like tissues, organs, and bones in their proper place

39
Q

Loose fibrous connective tissue (areolar)

A

The most widely distributed, connective, tissue types and functions like elastic glue. It connects adjacent structures to each other and permits movement between them.

40
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Serves as storage for surplus food; insulation to conserve body heat; and support and protection, for certain structures, such as heart, kidneys, and some joints

41
Q

Reticular fibrous tissue

A

Provides framework for bone, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and organs, such as liver and spleen. Functions as part of the bodies defense system.

42
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

Five or bundles, arranged in regular parallel rows. Can resist pulling forces in one or two directions, and found in tendons and ligaments.

43
Q

Dense Irregular connective tissue

A

Fiber, bundles interwoven in irregular patterns. Can resist pulling forces in all directions, and found in the facial sheets surrounding muscles, the dermis, periosteum, and other capsules of some organs.

44
Q

Bone

A

Provide support, protection, and muscle attachment sites

45
Q

Compact bone

A

Forms a hard outer shell of the bone

46
Q

Sponge bone

A

Lattice of thin beams within bone

47
Q

Cartilage

A

Strong, protective tissue, capable of withstanding repeated stress

48
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

Most common type; elastic, rubbery, and smooth; covers articular surfaces of bones and part of the larynx and nose; forms the C-shaped rings of the trachea 

49
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Soft and pliable, giving shade to the external nose and ears, and the epi-glottis and auditory tubes

50
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Greatest tensile strength of all cartilage types; found in the intervertebral disks, meniscus of the knee, in between the pubic bones

51
Q

Liquid connective tissue (blood)

A

Fluid medium (plasma) containing blood cells

52
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Muscle that is only located in the heart

53
Q

Skeletal muscles tissue

A

Muscles that attached to bones 

54
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A

Located in a hollow visceral organs or tubes such as the digestive track

55
Q

Inflammation

A

A protected response to tissue damage resulting from a variety of causes, including infection, and trauma

56
Q

Local (acute) inflammation

A

Involves information contained to a specific area or categorized by swelling, heat, a loss of function, redness, and pain (SHARP). Local information is usually short, duration, lasting approximately four days after the initial onset.

57
Q

Regeneration

A

Grows of new functional tissue after it is damaged. Fibroblasts and connective tissues stimulate collagen fiber production.

58
Q

Scar

A

Damaged tissue that is replaced by fibrous connective tissue

59
Q

Membranes

A

Thin, soft, pliable sheets of tissue that covers and protects internal and external surfaces, line 2, and anchor structures to each other. Membranes also secrete lubricating fluids.

60
Q

Synovial membranes

A

A type of connective tissue membrane, that line cavities or spaces between bones within joints, mainly freely, movable joints, such as the shoulder, hip, and knees

61
Q

Meningeal membrane

A

The type of connective tissue membrane line the spaces within the dorsal cavity, which contain the brain and spinal cord

62
Q

Homeostasis

A

The tendency of the bodies internal environment to remain relatively constant with a narrow range of change

Body seeks equilibrium

63
Q

Feedback

A

Occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as input as part of a chain of cause, and effect that forms, a circuit or loop

64
Q

Positive feedback loop

A

Causes a self amplifying cycle, where a psychological change leads to even greater change in the same direction

Ex, pregnancy

65
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

A process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse that change

66
Q

Signs of disease

A

Objective evidence obvious to someone other than the affected individual; signs can be observed and measured 

67
Q

Symptoms of disease

A

Subjective evidence perceived by the individual

68
Q

Asymptomatic

A

A disease occurs without symptoms

69
Q

Clinical manifestations

A

A collective term used to describe both signs and symptoms

70
Q

Acute disease

A

When signs and symptoms have an abrupt onset, persists for a short time, run a brief course (less than three months), and then resolve, or in some cases, bring death

71
Q

Chronic disease

A

Diseases that have an insidious onset with a gradual increase in signs and symptoms, and last for a long time (perhaps for life) 

72
Q

Subacute

A

Refers to diseases with characteristics somewhere between acute and chronic diseases 

73
Q

Local disease

A

Affects only one area of the body

74
Q

Systemic diseases

A

Are distributed throughout the body rather than isolated in one area

75
Q

Etiology

A

Cause or origin of disease

76
Q

Etiologic agents

A

Causative factors that can include pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria, congenital defects, and inherited or genetic disorders

77
Q

Idiopathic

A

A disease that does not have a known cause

78
Q

Risk factors

A

Factors that increase, or decrease the chances of getting a particular disease (but do not actually causes the disease)

79
Q

Non-modifiable risk factor

A

Factors that cannot be chains, such as a persons, age, gender, family history, or race 

80
Q

Modifiable risk factors

A

Factors that can be changed, such as lifestyle choices and environmental factors, including smoking diet and levels of physical activity

81
Q

Infection

A

The proliferation of pathogens inside the host

82
Q

Latent stage (incubation period)

A

The time interval, between initial exposure to pathogens, and the first appearance of disease, signs and symptoms

83
Q

Regeneration

A

Growth of new functional tissue after it is damaged. Fibroblasts in connective, tissues stimulate collagen fiber production.

84
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Help the wound close and help keep them on site as sterile as possible (antibiotic properties); help form the foundational netting for granulation tissue to form

85
Q

Granulation tissue

A

Categorized by number is budding capillaries, giving it a grainy appearance

Typically grows from the base of the wound and upwards 

86
Q

Stress

A

Response of the body to the stimulate stressors, or something that triggers the stress response

87
Q

Eustress versus distress

A

Eustress: positive perception of the experienced stress
Distress: negative perception of the experience stress

88
Q

General adaptation syndrome, and the three stages

A

Body’s response to stress

1) alarm (fight or flight)
2) resistance reaction
3) exhaustion

89
Q

Alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome

A

Body’s first reaction to the perceived stressor, which is part of the sympathetic nervous system

90
Q

Resistance reaction of GAS

A

Second stage of GAS. Through the secretion of regulating hormones, allows the body to continue fighting, or to endure a stressor long after the effects of the alarm reaction has dissipated.

91
Q

Exhaustion of GAS

A

Third stage of GAS, which occurs if the stress response continues without relief

Massage Therapy (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions