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Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the most common cardiac arrhythmia?

A

Atrial fibrillation

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2
Q

What are the 2 most dangerous cardiac arrhythmia?

A

Ventricular fibrillation
Ventricular tachycardia

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3
Q

What do you call an arrhythmia that is too slow?

A

Bradyarrthymia

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4
Q

Why is Bradyarrthmia too slow?

A

Arrhythmia is <60/min

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5
Q

What do you call an arrhythmia that is too fast?

A

Tachyarrythmia

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6
Q

Why is tachyarrythmia too fast?

A

Arrhythmia is >100/min

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7
Q

What is the treatment of ventricular fibrillation?

A

Heart valve surgery
Transplant

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8
Q

Where on the body will you find a pacemaker?

A

Left upper chest wall

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9
Q

What does ICD stand for?

A

Implantable cardiovascular defibrillator

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10
Q

What side of the heart is most commonly affected by valvular heart disease?

A

The left side

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11
Q

What valves are affected in valvular heart disease?

A

Aortic valve
Mitral valve

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12
Q

What can cause VHD?

A

Ineffective endocarditis
Rheumatic fever

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13
Q

Is VHD age related?

A

Yes

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14
Q

What are the 2 processes of VHD?

A

Regurgitation
Stenosis

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15
Q

What is regurgitation?

A

Loss of valve integrity
Becomes floppy
Leaks

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16
Q

What is stenosis?

A

Narrowing of valve
Obstruction of flow

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17
Q

What can regurgitation and stenosis lead to?

A

Heart failure

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18
Q

What is the treatment for VHD?

A

Medication
Surgery
TAVI

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19
Q

What are some dental implications to VHD?

A

Patient’s on anticoagulant
Risk of ineffective endocarditis

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20
Q

Ineffective endocarditis can be induced by invasive procedures. How does this affect dental treatment?

A

Dental procedures + tooth brushing may lead to ineffective endocarditis

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21
Q

What are the types of congenital heart disease?

A

Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosclerosis
Coarctation of the aorta
Tetralogy of fallot

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22
Q

What is a atrial septal defect?

A

Hole in septum

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23
Q

Is there risk of ineffective endocarditis with atrial septal defect?

A

No

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24
Q

What is ventricular septal defect?

A

Hole in ventricular septum

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25
Is there risk of endocarditis with ventricular septal defect?
Yes
26
What is patent ductus arteriousus?
Ductus arteries is part of foetal circulation - closes at birth
27
Is there risk of endocarditis with patent ductus arteriousus?
Yes
28
What is coarctation of the aorta?
Narrowing of the aorta at the site on embryonic ductus arteries
29
Is there risk of endocarditis with coarctation of the aorta?
Yes
30
What is ineffective endocarditis?
Prolonged febrile illness where there’s valve degeneration and failure
31
How is ineffective endo diagnosed?
In hospital Blood cultures Echocardiogram
32
What is the treatment for ineffective endo?
Prolonged course of intravenous antibiotics Surgery (maybe)
33
What could put a persons risk higher of ineffective endo?
Stenosis or regurgitation Valve replacement Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
34
What are some dental aspects of ineffective endo?
Maintain good OH to avoid surgery and bacteria Prophylaxis no longer routinely given
35
If a person has no penicillin allergy what would you give them and when in relation to ineffective endo?
Amoxicillin - 3g 1 hour before procedure
36
If person has an allergy to penicillin what would you give them and when in relation to ineffective endo?
Clindamycin - 600mg (2 capsules) 1 hour before procedure
37
What is the most common cause of VHD
Ageing
38
What is peripheral vascular disease?
Atherosclerosis affecting peripheral vessels
39
What does PVD affect?
Lower limbs Abdominal area
40
What are some of the symptoms of PVD - Atherosclerosis and narrowed artery
Leg pain Skin changes Ulcers Hair loss Nail changes
41
What are the 2 types of PVD?
Atherosclerosis + narrowed artery Embolus or atherosclerosis plaque rupture
42
What are the symptoms for PVD - Embolus or atherosclerosis plaque rupture?
Severe leg pain (constant) Pale No pulse Cold
43
What’s the management for PVD?
Exercise Surgery
44
What kind of surgery is available for PVD?
Bypass grafts Stent Amputation
45
What is abdominal aortic aneurysm?
Damage to the vessel wall from atherosclerosis
46
What can happen if abdominal aortic aneurysm occurs?
Catastrophic rupture or tear
47
What is available in the UK to prevent abdominal aortic aneurysm?
Screening offered to men >65
48
What are the symptoms of abdominal aortic aneurysm?
Often asymptomatic Vague abdominal pain
49
What can happen if there is a rupture - abdominal aortic aneurysm?
Collapse, severe pain High mortality (50-90%)
50
What does ischaemic heart disease present as?
Stable angina Acute Coronary syndrome Heart failure Arrhythmias
51
What is stable angina?
Narrowing of the arteries by atherosclerosis
52
Does stable a fine affect dental treatment?
No, if stable + GTN spray works
53
What are the 2 types of coronary syndromes?
Unstable angina Myocardial infarction
54
Crushing central chest pain Clammy Neuseated Dizzy Breathless These are symptoms of what?
Unstable angina + myocardial infarction
55
ACS medical emergency - What do you do?
ABCDE approach 3 doses of GTN
56
During a medical emergency of ACS you give GTN spray. How would you administer this?
3 doses under the tongue - 5 mins apart
57
What is heart failure?
The heart cannot adequately pump blood around the body
58
What is the prevalence of heart failure?
20/1000 rising to 100/1000 in those over 65
59
What can cause heart failure?
Hypertensive heart disease Cardiac arrhythmias Heart valve disease Disease of myocardium
60
How does heart failure present?
Gradual onset Fatigue Breathlessness Peripheral oedema
61
Where are the 2 places fluid accumulation happens?
Lungs Peripheries
62
If there’s fluid accumulation in the lungs how would this present?
Breathlessness lying flat or on exertion
63
If there’s fluid accumulation in the peripheries how would this present?
Swelling - dependent on area affected but most commonly the legs
64
How is heart failure diagnosed?
History + exam Blood tests Echocardiography ECG
65
What type of blood test is used for HF?
Incl B type natriuretic peptide (BNP)
66
What is the treatment for HF?
ACE inhibitors Beta blockers Devices
67
What are the oral side effects do medication given for HF?
Dry mouth Lichenoid reaction Glossitis Taste disturbance
68
What are some dental aspects with patients with HF?
Avoid treating if unstable Oral side effects Avoid NSAIDS Pacemaker - Use of USS
69
HF medical emergency
ABCDE approach Potentially cardiac arrest Use AED
70
What is normal blood pressure?
Between 90/60 to 120/80 mmHg
71
What is considered high blood pressure?
140/90 mmHg
72
What is considered low blood pressure?
Less than 90/60 mmHg
73
What is systolic pressure?
The pressure when your heart pushes blood out
74
What is diastolic pressure?
The pressure when your heart rests in between beats

Human Disease (16 decks)

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