Endocrine Disease

Question 1

What is endocrine disease?

Answer 1

The dysfunction of hormone secreting glands

Question 2

What are the 2 types of hormone dysfunction?

Answer 2

Primary
Secondary

Question 3

What is primary dysfunction?

Answer 3

Gland dysfunction

Question 4

What is secondary dysfunction?

Answer 4

Control dysfunction

Question 5

What is multiple endocrine neaplasia?

Answer 5

rare, inherited disorder that affects the endocrine glands or organs

Question 6

What is in MEN 2b?

Answer 6

Medullary thyroid
Mucosal neuromas
Marfanoid appearance

Question 7

Where is the pituitary gland?

Answer 7

The skull base attached to the hypothalamus

Question 8

What are the 2 components of the pituitary gland?

Answer 8

Anterior
Posterior

Question 9

The pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus. What 2 links does the hypothalamus have?

Answer 9

Neurol
Peptide

Question 10

What is the anterior section of the pituitary gland served by?

Answer 10

Vascular plexus

Question 11

What is the posterior part of the pituitary gland served by?

Answer 11

Vascular plexus
neurol

Question 12

What connects the pituitary gland to the base of the brain?

Answer 12

Stock

Question 13

What hormones does the pituitary gland release?

Answer 13

TRH
GnRH
CRH

Question 14

Hormones from the pituitary gland act directly on what to cause affect?

Answer 14

The tissues

Question 15

What hormone does the posterior pituitary gland release?

Answer 15

Anti diuretic hormone

Question 16

What causes pituitary tumours?

Answer 16

The dysfunction from adenomas

Question 17

What 2 types of adenomas are there?

Answer 17

Functional
Non functional

Question 18

What is functional adenomas?

Answer 18

Produces active hormone and increases the normal hormone output

Question 19

What is non functional adenomas?

Answer 19

Affects the tissue causing no secretion

Question 20

What affect can non functional tumour have?

Answer 20

Visual field affects
Hormone deficiency

Question 21

Where is the optic chiasm?

Answer 21

Centre of the brain

Question 22

What happens when the tumours grow to the optic chiasm?

Answer 22

Gets crushed from the pressure and causes visual defects

Question 23

What way do the adenomas tumours grow?

Answer 23

Upwards and gradual

Question 24

How is adenomas tumour removed?

Answer 24

Trans sphenoidal surgery

Question 25

How does insufficient grown hormone affect children?

Answer 25

Causes growth failure

Question 26

How does insufficient frown hormone affect adults?

Answer 26

Increased fat Reduced vitality

Question 27

When is growth hormone released?

Answer 27

Night time

Question 28

What happens to GH levels?

Answer 28

They change

Question 29

What happens to IGH 1 levels?

Answer 29

They stay the same

Question 30

What happens to children if there is excess growth hormone?

Answer 30

Giantism

Question 31

What happens to adults if there is excess growth hormone?

Answer 31

Acromegaly

Question 32

What are the signs of acromegaly?

Answer 32

Enlarged hands Enlarged tongue Interdental spacing Reverse overbite

Question 33

What is hyperthyroidism?

Answer 33

Excess hormone

Question 34

What is hypothyroidism?

Answer 34

Deficiency in hormone

Question 35

What 2 kinds of thyroid disease is there?

Answer 35

Primary Secondary

Question 36

What is hyperthyroidism most commonly caused by?

Answer 36

Graves’ disease (70-80% of cases)

Question 37

Is hyperthyroidism organ specific?

Answer 37

Yes

Question 38

What are some signs of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 38

Warm moist skin Increased BP and HF Tremor Eyelid retraction

Question 39

What are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 39

Hot and excessive sweating Weight loss Diarrhoea Palpitations Anxiety

Question 40

How does Graves’ disease present?

Answer 40

Goitre Causes proptosis

Question 41

What is goitre?

Answer 41

Swelling of the thyroid gland at the base of the neck

Question 42

What is proptosis?

Answer 42

Pushes the eyeball forward due to inflammation and swelling of the tissue in the socket

Question 43

What causes hypothyroidism?

Answer 43

Autoimmune attack on the gland causing breakdown of tissue

Question 44

What is Hashimoto?

Answer 44

Breakdown of the thyroid gland tissue

Question 45

What medication can cause hypothyroidism?

Answer 45

Amiodarone Cabrimazole Lithium

Question 46

What are the signs of hypothyroidism?

Answer 46

Dry skin Bradycardia Confusion Goitre Delayed reflex

Question 47

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Answer 47

Tired Cold Weight gain Angina Hair loss (eyebrows)

Question 48

Who is more commonly affected by hypothyroidism?

Answer 48

Middle aged, female

Question 49

What investigations are used for thyroid disease?

Answer 49

Blood test Imaging Tissue biopsy

Question 50

What 2 tissue biopsy’s are used for thyroid disease?

Answer 50

FNA (cell) FNB (tissue)

Question 51

If hyperthyroidism has been caused by graves’ disease how would T3 + TSH present?

Answer 51

T3 is raised TSH is low

Question 52

If hyperthyroidism has been caused by the pituitary how would T3 + TSH present?

Answer 52

T3 is raised TSH is raised

Question 53

If hypothyroidism has been caused by the gland which is most common, how would T4 + TSH present?

Answer 53

T4 is low TSH is raised

Question 54

If hypothyroidism has been caused by the pituitary how would T4 + TSH present?

Answer 54

T4 is low TSH is low

Question 55

Hyperthyroidism treatment

Answer 55

Carbimazole Beta blockers

Question 56

What does carbimazole do?

Answer 56

Blocks and replaces T4

Question 57

Hypothyroidism treatment

Answer 57

Thyroxine

Question 58

What does thyroxine do?

Answer 58

Replacement therapy - slow response

Question 59

What is diabetes mellitus?

Answer 59

Abnormalities of glucose regulation

Question 60

What is diabetes insipidus?

Answer 60

abnormalities of renal function

Question 61

What percent of people have type 1 diabetes?

Answer 61

10%

Question 62

What percent of people have type 2 diabetes

Answer 62

85%

Question 63

What tests are available for diabetes?

Answer 63

Random sugar Fasting sugar Glucose tolerance test (GTT)

Question 64

What number do you expect to get with someone who doesn’t have diabetes FPG?

Answer 64

<6.1

Question 65

What number do you expect to get from someone who had diabetes FPG?

Answer 65

>7.0