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Human Disease > Endocrine Disease > Flashcards

Endocrine Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is endocrine disease?

A

The dysfunction of hormone secreting glands

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of hormone dysfunction?

A

Primary
Secondary

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3
Q

What is primary dysfunction?

A

Gland dysfunction

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4
Q

What is secondary dysfunction?

A

Control dysfunction

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5
Q

What is multiple endocrine neaplasia?

A

rare, inherited disorder that affects the endocrine glands or organs

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6
Q

What is in MEN 2b?

A

Medullary thyroid
Mucosal neuromas
Marfanoid appearance

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7
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

The skull base attached to the hypothalamus

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8
Q

What are the 2 components of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior
Posterior

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9
Q

The pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus. What 2 links does the hypothalamus have?

A

Neurol
Peptide

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10
Q

What is the anterior section of the pituitary gland served by?

A

Vascular plexus

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11
Q

What is the posterior part of the pituitary gland served by?

A

Vascular plexus
neurol

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12
Q

What connects the pituitary gland to the base of the brain?

A

Stock

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13
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland release?

A

TRH
GnRH
CRH

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14
Q

Hormones from the pituitary gland act directly on what to cause affect?

A

The tissues

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15
Q

What hormone does the posterior pituitary gland release?

A

Anti diuretic hormone

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16
Q

What causes pituitary tumours?

A

The dysfunction from adenomas

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17
Q

What 2 types of adenomas are there?

A

Functional
Non functional

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18
Q

What is functional adenomas?

A

Produces active hormone and increases the normal hormone output

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19
Q

What is non functional adenomas?

A

Affects the tissue causing no secretion

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20
Q

What affect can non functional tumour have?

A

Visual field affects
Hormone deficiency

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21
Q

Where is the optic chiasm?

A

Centre of the brain

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22
Q

What happens when the tumours grow to the optic chiasm?

A

Gets crushed from the pressure and causes visual defects

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23
Q

What way do the adenomas tumours grow?

A

Upwards and gradual

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24
Q

How is adenomas tumour removed?

A

Trans sphenoidal surgery

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25
Q

How does insufficient grown hormone affect children?

A

Causes growth failure

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26
Q

How does insufficient frown hormone affect adults?

A

Increased fat
Reduced vitality

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27
Q

When is growth hormone released?

A

Night time

28
Q

What happens to GH levels?

A

They change

29
Q

What happens to IGH 1 levels?

A

They stay the same

30
Q

What happens to children if there is excess growth hormone?

A

Giantism

31
Q

What happens to adults if there is excess growth hormone?

A

Acromegaly

32
Q

What are the signs of acromegaly?

A

Enlarged hands
Enlarged tongue
Interdental spacing
Reverse overbite

33
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Excess hormone

34
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Deficiency in hormone

35
Q

What 2 kinds of thyroid disease is there?

A

Primary
Secondary

36
Q

What is hyperthyroidism most commonly caused by?

A

Graves’ disease (70-80% of cases)

37
Q

Is hyperthyroidism organ specific?

A

Yes

38
Q

What are some signs of hyperthyroidism?

A

Warm moist skin
Increased BP and HF
Tremor
Eyelid retraction

39
Q

What are some symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

Hot and excessive sweating
Weight loss
Diarrhoea
Palpitations
Anxiety

40
Q

How does Graves’ disease present?

A

Goitre
Causes proptosis

41
Q

What is goitre?

A

Swelling of the thyroid gland at the base of the neck

42
Q

What is proptosis?

A

Pushes the eyeball forward due to inflammation and swelling of the tissue in the socket

43
Q

What causes hypothyroidism?

A

Autoimmune attack on the gland causing breakdown of tissue

44
Q

What is Hashimoto?

A

Breakdown of the thyroid gland tissue

45
Q

What medication can cause hypothyroidism?

A

Amiodarone
Cabrimazole
Lithium

46
Q

What are the signs of hypothyroidism?

A

Dry skin
Bradycardia
Confusion
Goitre
Delayed reflex

47
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A

Tired
Cold
Weight gain
Angina
Hair loss (eyebrows)

48
Q

Who is more commonly affected by hypothyroidism?

A

Middle aged, female

49
Q

What investigations are used for thyroid disease?

A

Blood test
Imaging
Tissue biopsy

50
Q

What 2 tissue biopsy’s are used for thyroid disease?

A

FNA (cell)
FNB (tissue)

51
Q

If hyperthyroidism has been caused by graves’ disease how would T3 + TSH present?

A

T3 is raised
TSH is low

52
Q

If hyperthyroidism has been caused by the pituitary how would T3 + TSH present?

A

T3 is raised
TSH is raised

53
Q

If hypothyroidism has been caused by the gland which is most common, how would T4 + TSH present?

A

T4 is low
TSH is raised

54
Q

If hypothyroidism has been caused by the pituitary how would T4 + TSH present?

A

T4 is low
TSH is low

55
Q

Hyperthyroidism treatment

A

Carbimazole
Beta blockers

56
Q

What does carbimazole do?

A

Blocks and replaces T4

57
Q

Hypothyroidism treatment

A

Thyroxine

58
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

Replacement therapy - slow response

59
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

Abnormalities of glucose regulation

60
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

abnormalities of renal function

61
Q

What percent of people have type 1 diabetes?

A

10%

62
Q

What percent of people have type 2 diabetes

A

85%

63
Q

What tests are available for diabetes?

A

Random sugar
Fasting sugar
Glucose tolerance test (GTT)

64
Q

What number do you expect to get with someone who doesn’t have diabetes FPG?

A

<6.1

65
Q

What number do you expect to get from someone who had diabetes FPG?

A

> 7.0

Human Disease (16 decks)

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