Gastroenterology and Renal Disorders

Question 1

What type of medication eliminates formed acid?

Answer 1

Antacids

Question 2

What are the 2 functions of medication for upper GI disease?

Answer 2

Eliminate formed acid
Reduce acid secretion

Question 3

What medications reduce acid secretion?

Answer 3

H2 receptor blockers
Proton pump inhibitors

Question 4

What are some examples of antacids?

Answer 4

Gaviscon
Rennie

Question 5

How do H2 receptor antagonists work?

Answer 5

Reduce acid production by stopping histamine activation

Question 6

What are the 2 most common H2 receptor antagonists?

Answer 6

Cimetidine
Ranitidine

Question 7

What are some common proton pump inhibitors?

Answer 7

Omeprazole
Lansoprazole
Pantoprazole

Question 8

How are GI diseases investigated?

Answer 8

Endoscopy
Capsule with camera

Question 9

What is dysphagia?

Answer 9

External compression

Question 10

What is GORD

Answer 10

“heartburn”

Question 11

What 3 things cause GORD?

Answer 11

Defective lover oesophageal sphincter
Impaired lower clearing
Impaired gastric emptying

Question 12

GORD sings and symptoms?

Answer 12

Worse lying down
Dysphagia
GI bleeding

Question 13

What is hiatus hernia?

Answer 13

Upper part of the stomach bulges through an opening in the diaphragm

Question 14

GORD management

Answer 14

Stop smoking
Lose weight
Medication - Antacids, H2 blockers and PPIs
Increase GI mobility and gastric emptying

Question 15

What is peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

Answer 15

Any site affected by excess acid production

Question 16

What does helicobacter pylori effect?

Answer 16

lower part of the stomach antrum

Question 17

What shape if the bacterium causing helicobacter pylori?

Answer 17

Spiral

Question 18

What can helicobacter pylori cause?

Answer 18

Ulcers and inflammation

Question 19

How to manage helicobacter pylori?

Answer 19

Triple therapy

Question 20

What is triple therapy?

Answer 20

2 antibiotics - 1 proton pump inhibitor

Question 21

What antibiotics is used in triple therapy?

Answer 21

Amoxycillin
Metronidazole

Question 22

What proton pump inhibitor is used in triple therapy?

Answer 22

Omeprazole

Question 23

PUD signs and symptoms

Answer 23

Worse before and after food
Worse at night
Usually no physical signs

Question 24

How is PUD investigated?

Answer 24

Endoscopy
Radiology
Faecal occult blood test

Question 25

What is coeliac disease?

Answer 25

Sensitivity to a-gliaden component gluten

Question 26

What causes coeliac disease?

Answer 26

Genetic susceptibility Environmental trigger Consumption of gluten

Question 27

What effects does coeliac disease have?

Answer 27

Oral ulceration Growth failure

Question 28

What are some common symptoms of coeliac disease?

Answer 28

Weight loss weakness Oral aphthae Tongue papillary loss

Question 29

Coeliac disease investigations

Answer 29

Autoantibody test Jejunal biopsy Faecal fat Haematinics

Question 30

What does oral aphthous ulcers indicate in relation to coeliac disease?

Answer 30

malabsorption

Question 31

What is pernicious anaemia?

Answer 31

Disease caused by vitamin B12 deficiency

Question 32

How to treat a vitamin B12 deficiency?

Answer 32

Diet Injections

Question 33

What age groups are most commonly inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer 33

15-25 50-80

Question 34

What causes IBD?

Answer 34

Food intolerance Persisting infection Smoking Genetics

Question 35

What are 2 common IBDs?

Answer 35

Ulcerative colitis Crohns disease

Question 36

What gender is more commonly affected by crohns?

Answer 36

Male

Question 37

What gender is most commonly affects by Ulc Col?

Answer 37

Female

Question 38

Disease continuous Rectum always involved Anal fissures 25% Ileum involved 10% Vascular What IBD is this?

Answer 38

Ulcerative Colitis

Question 39

Discontinuous Rectum involved 50% Anal fissures 75% Ileum involved 30% Non vascular What IBD is this?

Answer 39

Crohns disease

Question 40

Mucosal, vascular, mucosal abscesses are microscopic features of what IBD?

Answer 40

Ulcerative colitis

Question 41

Transmural, oedematous, granulomas are microscopic features of what IBD?

Answer 41

Crohns disease

Question 42

IBD treatment

Answer 42

Systemic steroids Local steroids Anti inflammatory drugs

Question 43

Orofacial granulomatosis is a symptom of what?

Answer 43

Crohns disease

Question 44

What does orofacial granulomatosis do?

Answer 44

Causes lip and oral swelling from increased capillary leakage

Question 45

Second main type of cancer causing death in Scotland?

Answer 45

Bowel cancer

Question 46

Bowel cancer symptoms

Answer 46

Commonly none Anaemia Rectal blood loss

Question 47

How is bowel cancer staged?

Answer 47

Dukes classification

Question 48

What is dukes classification

Answer 48

A - Submucosal B - Muscularies C - Lymph nodes D - Liver

Question 49

Bowel cancer treatment

Answer 49

Surgery Hepatic metastases Radiotherapy Chemotherpy

Question 50

What is FIT test?

Answer 50

All adults in Scotland from age 50 send faecal ample by post

Question 51

What happens if FIT test comes back postive?

Answer 51

Endoscopy

Question 52

What are 3 most common urinary tract diseases?

Answer 52

Urinary tract infection Urinary tract obstruction Urinary tract malignancy

Question 53

Who is UTIs most common in?

Answer 53

Women

Question 54

What bacteria is most commonly found in UTIs?

Answer 54

E. coli

Question 55

What factors can lead to a UTI?

Answer 55

Poor bladder emptying Low urinary flow rates

Question 56

UTI symptoms

Answer 56

Dysuria Urinary frequency Cloudy urine

Question 57

What can happen is urine is infected?

Answer 57

Cystitis Renal infection Prostate infection

Question 58

UTI treatment

Answer 58

Increase fluid intake Antibiotics

Question 59

What antibiotics are given for a UTI?

Answer 59

Trimethoprim Amoxycillin

Question 60

What is prostatits?

Answer 60

Inflammation of the prostate

Question 61

What is benign prostatic hypertrophy?

Answer 61

Hyperplasia of the prostate

Question 62

What is prostatic cancer?

Answer 62

Adenocarcinoma

Question 63

Benign prostatic hypertrophy is common True or False?

Answer 63

True - 80% men over 80

Question 64

Symptoms of BPH?

Answer 64

Slow stream Frequency Urgency

Question 65

Treatment for BPH?

Answer 65

Drugs Surgery

Question 66

What drugs are used for BPH?

Answer 66

a-blocking drugs Anticholinergic Diuretics

Question 67

What surgery is there for BPH?

Answer 67

TURP RALP

Question 68

What age does prostate cancer become more common?

Answer 68

After 45

Question 69

Prostate cancer screening?

Answer 69

PSA blood tests mpMRI

Question 70

Prostate cancer treatment?

Answer 70

Surgery Radiotherapy Hormone treatment

Question 71

What are the 2 types of renal stones?

Answer 71

Radiopaque - calcium and oxalate Non radiopaque - uric acid

Question 72

How are renal stones treated?

Answer 72

Lithotripsy

Question 73

Dentistry and renal dislysis

Answer 73

Treat after haemodialysis sessions Do not use the dialysis shunt No heroic treatment plans

Question 74

Dentistry and renal transplant

Answer 74

Normal renal function at first but may reduce with time Immune suppressants

Question 75

Drugs to be aware of in relation to renal transplant

Answer 75

Prednisolone Azathioprine Tacrolimus Cyclosporin

Question 76

Due to renal transplant patients are at an increased cancer risk - what should you be aware of when examining?

Answer 76

Oral mucosal lesions

Question 77

What are the main problems with renal transplant?

Answer 77

Rejection Immunosuppression High cardiovascular mortality Osteoporosis risk

Question 78

What is an inherited bleeding disorder?

Answer 78

An acquired defect which affects the coagulation of the blood

Question 79

What is an inherited bleeding disorder?

Answer 79

An acquired defect which affects the coagulation of the blood

Question 80

What 3 things can an inherited bleeding disorder?

Answer 80

Coagulation cascade Platelets A combined deficiency

Question 81

Where might you carry out dental treatment if it will cause bleeding?

Answer 81

Hospital

Question 82

What LA injections are considered safe in someone with bleeding disorder?

Answer 82

Buccal infiltration Intraligamentary Intra-papillary

Question 83

What LA injections are considered dangerous in someone with a bleeding disorder?

Answer 83

IDB Lingual infiltration

Question 84

After a severe extraction how long should a patient with a bleeding disorder be monitered?

Answer 84

Overnight

Question 85

After a mild extraction how long should a patient with a bleeding disorder be monitored?

Answer 85

2-3 hours after

Question 86

If platelet count is below 100x10/L what treatment would you do?

Answer 86

Primary care treatment

Question 87

If platelet count is below 50x10/L wat treatment would you do?

Answer 87

Hospital treatment

Question 88

If platelet count is above 500x10/L what treatment would you do?

Answer 88

Either primary or hospital