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Human Disease > Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main bone diseases?

A

Arthritis
Arthritis
Arthralgia

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2
Q

What is arthritis?

A

Inflammation of the joints

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3
Q

What is arthrosis?

A

Non inflammatory bone disease

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4
Q

What is arthralgia?

A

Joint pain

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5
Q

What is bone?

A

Mineralised connective tissues

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6
Q

What 3 things would you find in bone?

A

Calcium
Phosphate
Vitamin D

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7
Q

What happens during the turnover cycle?

A
  1. Bone removed by osteoclasts
  2. Bone deposited by osteoblasts
  3. Osteoclasts eat matrix
  4. Matrix replaced by osteaoblats
  5. Mineralised
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8
Q

How long does turnover cycle last?

A

3-6 months

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9
Q

What is calcium involved in that makes it important to keep it in the blood?

A

Nerve function

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10
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone do in regards to bone?

A

Maines calcium level and increased calcium release from bone

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11
Q

What do hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism cause?

A

Increased bone reabsorption

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12
Q

Where does vitamin D get processed?

A

In the blood and liver

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13
Q

What is oestomalacia?

A

Poorly mineralised osteoid matrix and cartilage growth plage

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14
Q

What is oestroporsis?

A

Reduced bone mass

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15
Q

What causes oestomalakia?

A

Calcium deficiency

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16
Q

Symptoms of oestomalakia/ rickets ?

A

Sore legs to touch
Muscle weakness
Facial twitching
Bow legs

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17
Q

What is the management of lack of vitamin D?

A

Sunlight exposure 30 mins x 5 weekly
Diet

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18
Q

What are the risk factors of oestoprosis?

A

Age
Female
Hormone deficiency

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19
Q

What age is peak bone mass?

A

24-35

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20
Q

What are the effects of bone mass loss?

A

Fracture risk
Height loss
Kyphosis + scoliosis
Nerve foot compression

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21
Q

What does bisphosphonates do?

A

Reduces vertebral fracture by 50%

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22
Q

What is MRONJ?

A

Medication
Related
Osteonecrosis
Of the
Jaw

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23
Q

If the patient has been on bisphosonates for >5 years what risk are they of MRONJ?

A

High risk

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24
Q

If a patient has been taking bisphosphonates for <5 years what risk are they of MRONJ?

A

Low risk

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25
Q

What is osteonceosis of the jaw?

A

Bone is exposed and begins to starve from lack of blood

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26
Q

Symptoms of joint disease

A

Pain
Immobility stiffness
Loss of function

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27
Q

Signs of joint disease

A

Swelling
Deformity
Redness
Crepitus

28
Q

Investigations for joint disease

A

Radiography
Blood tests
Biopsy

29
Q

What is crystal arthropathies?

A

Gout

30
Q

What is gout?

A

Single joint acute arthritis

31
Q

What is hyperuricaemia?

A

High uric acid levels

32
Q

Where does gout most commonly affect?

A

The big toe

33
Q

What type of onset is gout?

A

Rapid

34
Q

What is used to treat gout?

A

NSAIDs
Avoid aspirin

35
Q

What joints does oestoarthirits affect?

A

weight bearing joints

36
Q

Symptoms of oestoarthirits

A

Pain
Morning stiffness

37
Q

Signs of oestoarthirits

A

loss of joint space
lipping at joint edges
swelling and deformity

38
Q

Treatment for oestoarthirits

A

Weight loss
Increase muscle
NSAIDs
Prosthetic replacement for pain NOT function

39
Q

What does sero postive RA mean?

A

Rheumatoid factors are present

40
Q

What does sero negative RA mean?

A

Rheumatoid factors are not present

41
Q

Who is most commonly affected by rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Females age 20-50

42
Q

What type is onset is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Slow starting in hands and feet

43
Q

Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis

A

Fatigue
Morning stiffness in joints
Joint pain
Minor joint swelling
Numbness or tingling
Decreased range of motion

44
Q

What are the early signs of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Symmetrical synoyitis of MCP, PIP and wrist joints

45
Q

What are late signs of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Dysfunction of the joint - cannot hyperextend
Swan neck
Ulner deviation

46
Q

What are some extra articulate features of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

changes to eyes or moth = sjorgrens syndrome

47
Q

How is rheumatoid arthritis investigated?

A

Radiographs
Blood

48
Q

What is the treatment options for rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Physiotherapy
Occupational therapy
Drug
Surgary

49
Q

What is the aim of drug use in rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Slow down the effects and pain

50
Q

What would happen during surgery for rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Replacement of the joint

51
Q

What drugs are given for rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Analgesics
NSAIDs - Methotrexate
Steroid injection for inflammation

52
Q

What drugs would be used in more severe cases of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Biologics

53
Q

What type of disease is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Immune disease

54
Q

Dental SE to drugs used for rheumatoid arthritis?

A

NSAIDs = bleeding
Steroids = infection risk
Hydroxychoroquine = oral lichenoid
Methotrexate = ulcerstion

55
Q

What is ankylosing spondylitis?

A

Chronic condition that affects the spine and becomes inflamed

56
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis dental aspects

A

Limited mouth opening
Limited neck flextion

57
Q

What is sjögren’s syndrome?

A

Condition that affects parts of the body that produces fluids

58
Q

What are symptoms of sjögren’s syndrome?

A

Dry eyes
Dry mouth
Dry skin

59
Q

What causes sjögren’s syndrome?

A

The immune system mistakenly attacks the body

60
Q

What is dry mouth?

A

There’s not enough salvia production

61
Q

Causes of dry mouth

A

Psychogenic
Drugs
Radiotherapy
Dehydration

62
Q

Management of dry mouth?

A

Artificial saliva from -
Orthana spray
Glandosane spray
BioXtra gel

63
Q

What is the pH of orthana?

A

Neutral

64
Q

What is the pH of BioXtra?

A

Neutral

65
Q

What is the pH of glandosane?

A

5.75

66
Q

What can dry mouth lead to?

A

Oral infections
Perio disease
Caries

67
Q

What advice would you give to someone with dry mouth?

A

Topical fluoride
OHI
Dietary advice
Water

Human Disease (16 decks)

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